Phnom Penh

I was born in Kampong Cham Province and I have moved to live in Phnom Penh since I finished my high school. When I first came here in Phnom Penh, I felt very surprise and scare. The building and people were far different from my hometown. I got around Phnom Penh by motorbike for a first few days. I saw many high rise buildings; especially the city's French colonial buildings were beautiful. I saw some different kind of transportation that running on the road such as: modern car, Motorbikes, Motorbike-taxis (motodops), Taxis were available at a few locations, Tuk-tuks, and Cyclos. There transportations were in the great amount if compared to my province and it sometimes caused a very serious traffic jam and accidents. I also went to the Royal Palace which no photography was allowed inside the Silver Pagoda and some of the Palace buildings. You were expected to dress decently (no bare legs or shoulders). Beside this, I went to Wat Phnom. I liked the park there. It was a pleasant green space and a popular gathering place for locals. A few monkeys kept quarters there as well and will helped themselves to any drinks you leave unattended. After that I went to Independence and Liberation memorials. Impressive Buddhist-style Independence Memorial, commemorating the departure of the French in 1953, dominated the centre of the city. Nearby was the very ugly Stalin-style Liberation Memorial, marking the Vietnamese capture of the city in 1979. The area was especially popular on weekend nights with locals when the multi-colored fountains were activated and communal music was played. I took several pictures there and got some rest. I also went to Sorya shopping center which located at the south of the Central Market. It's on a North-South Street on the west side. It is currently Phnom Penh's main Western-style mall. It is air-conditioned and contains a range of cheap fast-food outlets as well as a well-stocked supermarket named Lucky Supermarket. You can do shopping, eating, drinking, playing game and whatsoever. Everything is served here. After I live in Phnom Penh for many years, I feel that it is completely different from my province. Phnom Penh is developing very fast. Many high buildings were built, many companies were established and the whole city’s infrastructures are constructing rapidly. One I feel very anxious about is people here are competing for each other very aggressively. If you are not smart enough and you don’t high education, you will be jobless, isolate and demise from the society.

Model: African Culture Essay

A critical assessment of the Zulu community reveals their belief that if the necessary resources for HIV/AIDS prevention, care, and support are available, accessible, acceptable, and affordable, they would make positive decisions and actions regarding the disease and its effects (Gumede & Dalrymple, 2004). Additionally, the believe that their head of state’s openness in discussing HIV/AIDS issues influences effective policies to control the epidemic. They also believe the open utterances by the president help people accept those infected and affected by HIV/AIDS as dignified community members hence decreasing the associated stigma. Accordingly, the role played by government policies is recognized by the Zulu community as the force behind the consistently reducing HIV/AIDS incidence and prevalence (Airhihenbuwa & Webster, 2004). Existential enablers As for the existential enablers, the community believes that they can prevent HIV/AIDS, care, and support the victims by utilizing the traditionally available resources that are accessible, acceptable, and affordable to the particular family faced by the challenge (Airhihenbuwa & Webster, 2004). It is evident that the Zulu traditional medicinemen have formulated some herbal regimen which the community members believe treat HIV. However, this treatment is currently under clinical tests at the South African Medical Research Council and its initial results are promising. Negative enablers The Zulus hold the belief that the scarcity and costly nature of particular resources needed for effective prevention, care and support of HIV/AIDS impact negatively on their decisions and actions in controlling this epidemic (Airhihenbuwa & Webster, 2004). Moreover, they believe that the reluctance of their religious leaders to openly discuss HIV and AIDS contributes to increasing the stigma on those infected and/or affected by the disease. Furthermore, the aspect of people blaming the infection on others also impacts negatively on the Zulus as in such cases of blame-game no one takes the initiative to prevent HIV transmission or even care or support the victims (Gumede & Dalrymple, 2004). In like manner, the failure of the government to distribute enough Anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs) to those living with HIV/AIDS explicitly creates a disenabling atmosphere for effective addressing of HIV/AIDS. Notably, the Zulu people who refuse to be tested for HIV cited the unavailability of ARVs as their reason for declining. Concisely, the health educator, upon assessing and recognizing the health needs, strengths, and weaknesses of the community concerning HIV/AIDS prevention and care according to the enablers discussed above, will be able to prioritize, plan, implement, and evaluate a suitable health education program on prevention, care and support of HIV/AIDS (National Commission for Health Education Credentialing (NCHEC), 2006). REFERENCES Airhihenbuwa C. O. , & Webster J. D. (2004). ‘Culture and African contexts of HIV/AIDS prevention, care and support’, Journal of social aspects of HIV/AIDS research alliance. Vol. 1 No. 1 Gumede K. , & Dalrymple L. (2004). Caring communities project – KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). Durban:DramAide. Retrieved on August 23, 2010 http://www. creativexchange. org/hivaids/CCP National Commission for Health Education Credentialing (NCHEC). (2006). Certified Health Education Specialist (CHES) responsibilities. Johannesburg: NCHEC.

Evaluation and Management of Patients with Cardio-Pulmonary

Reliability, Validity and the DissertationThe results of a research project should both be reliable and valid. Reliability refers to the consistency of the results of a test in spite of repeated conduct of such test. In saying that a research measurement or method is reliable, it means that the results yielded are consistent even after several repetitions of the test. If not, then it means that the measurements are not reliable and that the integrity of the research findings may be put into question (Beck & Polit, 2003).Validity, on the other hand, is achieved by a research measurement if it measures the variable that it was supposed to measure. In other words, the measurement should be appropriate for the variable being measured. Face validity is established if a measurement looks as if it is measuring the variable it is supposed to measure. Content validity, on the other hand, refers to the sufficiency of the sample in measuring the variable. In achieving content validity, all the important aspects of the variable should be measured, otherwise, there would be important aspects of the variables of the research that will be overlooked (Beck & Polit, 2003). Whether quantitative or qualitative research methods are used for any study, establishing the reliability and validity of the instruments are very important. Reliability allows other people to replicate the study while validity ensures that the features and aspects of the variables being measured are covered completely.This dissertation, in order to be successful, will aim for attaining reliability and validity. In designing the instruments of the dissertation, it will draw upon the literature already written on the subject and look at the measurements used for similar studies conducted before. There will also be pre-testing of the measurement to ensure reliability. As to the validity of the instruments, all the aspect of the variables and the measures will be explored so as to achieve maximum validity.Interv iew with a Researcher  A friend of this author referred him to a University Professor who has had considerable experience in research. Although the field of Professor Rey Johnson is in the Social Sciences, the insights that can be gathered in research tools and methods are still worth considering.According to the Professor, there are a number of ways that prompts a research project. It may be because of a newspaper or a journal article he read; it may be because of a recent event; or a disagreement over the conclusions of fellow researcher. No matter what the source of the research project maybe, as long as there is curiosity and a willingness to pursue and investigate the matter, a research project will be born. After identifying the topic, the main question of the research is formulated and refined. That way, the research has focus and direction.After identifying the research question, the Professor usually summarizes the issues surrounding the issue and looks up related topics in the library and in the Internet. He gets books and journal articles from the library. He then identifies the debates going on in the topic and tries to understand gray areas, as well as the unclear matters in the debate. Consulting books and recent journals helps clarify the issue and presents what has been found out in the last few months or year.Statistics are also helpful in seeking trends in the society, according to the Professor. Since his profession is tied up with the social sciences, statistics such as population growth rate, perceptions of people about certain politicians, and other statistics are helpful for him. This way, he can get a feel of what is going on in the society.Using the library, browsing through books and journal articles have become almost second nature to the professor. If there is one thing that he does not want to lose his years of teaching, it is the love for knowledge and the hunger for it. Although it may be difficult to sustain such passion as th e years go by, the Professor is a certified bibliophile and reads book and articles very quickly. He says that such habit comes out of years of practice. As he continues to complete research project after research project, his facility in handling the research tools he utilizes grows. He also pointed out to the Internet as another tool which greatly enhanced his research. However, there is a danger in using the Internet, he said. It has become very easy for students nowadays to take whatever they find in the Internet, paste those information on their word processors and call them research papers. It is important to be critical of information coming from the internets. What is the source? Who wrote it?For beginning researchers, he only had three advices. The first is for them to read a lot. Most of the topics that interest people nowadays have been explored by philosophers and researchers in the past. Books and journals can greatly enhance the knowledge of a researcher. Secondly, res earchers should develop a curious mind. There are a great deal of issues in the world worthy of a researcher’s eyes and tools. Lastly, they should be critical—they should ask about the source, the measurement and whether the findings of the research are consistent with the methodology and design. As a budding researcher, the advice of the Professor is for this author to spend his time in the library, reading and discovering new takes on old ideas and talking with professional researchers on their way of doing research and the problems they encounter in their fields of work and research.Application to the DissertationAs a result of the interview with the Professor, this researcher will then make extensive use of the library through its books and the research findings published in recent journals. This is to take a look at what have been said in the research question before as well as the debates and gray areas. This way, this research project will be situated adequately and will not simply repeat what has already been found out before. This exposure to previous literature will also give important knowledge to the researcher in ensuring the reliability and validity of the research measurements.The researcher will also become more critical of the sources that he will consult. This is because it is very tempting to get information in the Internet and lift information there without proper citation. In some instances, information from the Internet is not reliable and the source may not be verified. Hence, the temptation for plagiarism will be there. Plagiarism in any instance and in any field of study is never acceptable (De Voss & Rosati, 2002).ConclusionResearch is not always easy. In fact, in order to successfully arrive at the truth or solution of the research problem, the researcher should display rigor, competency, excellence in gathering data and analyzing them, and care in citing ideas borrowed from other authors and researchers. Through these efforts, the body of knowledge of the researcher’s field of specialization will grow. Consequently, the understanding of humans of the particular topic he has chosen to investigate will also grow. ReferenceBeck, C. T. & Polit, D. F. (2003). Nursing Research: Principles and Methods. Wolters Kluwer Health.De Voss, D. & Rosati, A. C. â€Å"It Wasn't Me, Was It?† Plagiarism and the Web. Computers and Composition, 19 (2), 191-203.

Students Motivation And Its Relationship With Academic Performance Education Essay

In this papers it was traveling to discourse the helpful factors on motive for better academic public presentation. The motive of pupils is one of the of import issues in higher instruction, peculiarly owing to importance of academic public presentation in their professional life and besides it focused on placing the factors that will assist educational minds to cognize pupils ‘ attitudes towards acquisition, what hinders and what facilitates larning in the procedure of larning. This will help instruction community to foretell pupil academic public presentation and placing the pupils before their classs begin to fall ( Kamauru, 2000 ) . Lumsden ( 1994 ) has investigated which passion to larn seems to shrivel as kids grow. Learning sometimes becomes irresistible impulse than felicity, that ‘s why big figure of pupils foliages instruction before graduation. Due to unpleasant attitude of pupils towards instruction really few are really mentally present in the schoolroom. Student motive is the component that leads pupils ‘ attitude towards larning procedure. Number of surveies has been conducted to examine the function of pupil motive toward academic public presentation and different definitions of pupils ‘ motive have been used by assorted researches. Student motive is frequently separated into two types: Intrinsic motive and extrinsic motive. Intrinsic motive: A pupil is per se motivated when he/she is motivated from surrounded by: Intrinsically motivated pupils enthusiastically engage themselves in larning out of distinctive feature, attending, felicity or in order to accomplish their ain scholarly and personal purposes. Therefore pupils with intrinsic motive are more enthusiastic, self driven, disputing and experience pleasance in their surveies and pupils with extrinsic motive attempt to drag themselves with academic coursework, experience compelled to larn, and ever put minimal attempts to achieve maximal grasps. Intrinsically motivated, pupils tend to utilize schemes that require more attempt and that allow them to treat information more strongly. In intrinsic and extrinsic motive we have found the undermentioned beginnings of motive which has besides been confirmed by the pupils during informations aggregation. And besides each of these points has defined in following tabular array which has been used in design a questionnaire for intrinsic and extrinsic factors.At this clip, I am traveling to speak about research methodological analysis:2. Research Methodology:2.1 SampleThe sample involved of 342 university pupils of dissimilar plans in assorted universities of Islamabad and Lahore, Pakistan. The pupils were asked about how motivated they are about their university experience and what truly motivated them to analyze. The questionnaire was distributed among both female and male pupils. It involved 82 % male and 18 % female pupils in the study with an mean age of 20 old ages. The undermentioned proficient card contains the concise information sing research methodological analysis: aˆ? Purpose of survey Exploration aˆ? Types of probe Correlations aˆ? Extent of research workers interference Minimal aˆ? Study puting Non-contrived aˆ? Measurement Scaling aˆ? Unit of scrutiny Persons aˆ? Sampling design Simple random trying aˆ? Sample size N = 250 aˆ? Time skyline one shooting aˆ? Data aggregation method Questionnaire aˆ? Data analysis of Discrepancy The above given self descriptive table describes different parts of research methodological analysis in brief. For statistical purpose analysis of discrepancy has been conducted utilizing SPSS 17 version.2.2 Instrumentation and Measurement:The above mentioned self-explanatory tabular array contains the key of the points mentioned in the study questionnaire. This shows that each beginning in given due consideration in the study and points were assorted in the study sing the beginning of pupil motive.2.3 Procedure:The questionnaires were distributed indiscriminately among the pupils of different plans of different semesters and their responses were collected. Data was analyzed utilizing SPSS for Windows ( version 17.0 ) for precise analysis and consequences. Analysis included arrested development analysis, and analysis of discrepancy ( ANOVA ) .3. Consequence:The undermentioned study begins with the consequences of the respondents ‘ information on sections like linguistic communications and Gender. This survey, conducted on the pupil motive and its Impact on pupil public presentation, shown that 82.4 % respondents are male while 17.6 % female, who participated in this survey. Female section of the sample is moderately undistinguished in the survey. This survey reveals per centums of linguistic communications: of these, 34.5 % respon dents belong to Punjabi linguistic communication, 8.6 % respondents belong to Sindhi linguistic communication, 10.8 % respondents belong to Pashto linguistic communication, 6.5 % respondents belong to Saraiki linguistic communication, 33.5 % respondents belong to Urdu linguistic communication, 0.7 % respondents belong to Hindco linguistic communication and 5.4 % respondents belong to Baluchi linguistic communication. Different linguistic communications are spoken in assorted parts of the state. However, in one university pupils come from different parts of the state and talk different linguistic communications. Four major provincial linguistic communications and three other linguistic communications, normally spoken in some of the states, were besides included in the survey. Languages reflect cultural values of their ain states. Now we have a clear image of the respondents ‘ replies sing pupil motive and pupil public presentation.4. Discussion:Rejection of alternate options, c alling and makings and societal force per unit area instil the academic public presentation. In the same manner, intrinsic motive achieved through regard of selflessness, and self-exploration. This survey investigates student motive and its impact on pupil academic public presentation. Student public presentation will increase between 23 per centum and 34 per centum due to extrinsic and intrinsic motive. T-value of both tabular arraies shows relevant Importance of elements of extrinsic and intrinsic motive for academic public presentation. On the whole, theoretical account is Significant. This survey reveals R-square is 80 per centum which show strong relationship of pupils ‘ motive with their Performance. Academics public presentation will increase 34 per centum due to extrinsic motive where as faculty members Performance will increase 23 per centum due to intrinsic motive. Every pupil has diversified experience of cognition, abilities, endowments and aspirations and come from different Social, regional and political backgrounds that may impact their motive to larn. Some pupil holding great measure of accomplishment due to outdo schooling and other are frailty versa. However, pupil motive is a requirement of academic public presentation ( Masitsa, 2008 ) . Helpful acquisition in the schoolroom depends on the instructor ‘s capableness that creates involvement related to capable affair. Student public presentation depends upon the forces which are impacting during the surveies ( Erickson, 1978 ) . There is no extrasensory expression for accessing accurate degree of pupils ‘ Motivation other so extrinsic motive and intrinsic motive questionnaire.5. Decision and Recommendations:The survey examined the influence of pupil motive on academic public presentation. The survey found positive and reciprocally causal relationship between pupil ‘s m otive and pupil ‘s academic public presentation. This relationship is common, pregnant pupils who are more motivated do better and pupil who perform better go more motivated. In this survey, R-square is 80 per centum ; this shows really strong relationship of pupils ‘ motive with faculty members public presentation. T-value besides shows relevant significance of pupils ‘ motive toward the pupil faculty members public presentation. Extrinsic and intrinsic motives increase their academic public presentation between scopes of 23 per centum and 34 per centum. When we checked on single component of extrinsic motive and intrinsic motive, we found that Academics public presentation will increase 17 per centum due to rejection alternate option. Academics public presentation will heighten 9 per centum due to occupation making. Academicians public presentation will set in to 7 per centum because of societal pleasance. Academics public presentation will increase 4 per centum due to common force per unit area. Academics public presentation will increase 10 per centum due to self geographic expedition. Academics public presentation will increase 12 per centum due to selflessness. Blank ( 1997 ) ; Dev ( 1997 ) ; Kushman ( 2000 ) and Woods ( 1995 ) besides associated high motive and committedness in larning as consisted nexus to cut down dropout rates and addition degrees of pupil public presentation. From these findings we conclude that pupils who are per se motivated perform much better academically than pupils who are extrinsically motivated. Extrinsically motivated pupils might make a good occupation or execute good to accomplish a certain wages, but it does non maintain them motivated for long-run and overall public presentation does non alter or is consistent. They might transport out really good in one semester or quiz to accomplish a certain wages or end and so following semester might demo hapless public presentation because the wages did non be any longer. Their public presentation does non stay changeless as a consequence. Students ‘ who are per se motivated take up undertakings or execute good academically for their ain involvement and for their ain acquisition. These sorts of pupils are genuinely interested in larning and in accomplishing high ends. This shows in their overall consistent public presentation. From these consequences and Analysis, this survey concludes that academic public presentation is positively influenced by intrinsic motive and negatively affected by extrinsic motive. Additional research is required to turn to the inquiry that ‘How pupils ‘ intrinsic motive can be increased? ‘Critique In respect to research methodological analysis:At the first I guess it ‘s better to depict the motive which it did n't bespeak clearly and besides denominate different type of public presentation in this instance academic acquisition and larn how to measure the motive while it did n't bespeak in original paper base of literature reappraisal:Motivation:It is incentive, enthusiasm, or involvement that causes a specific action or certain behavior. There are two chief sorts of motive: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motive is internal. It occurs when people are compelled to make something out of enjoyment, significance, or desire. Extrinsic motive occurs when exte rnal factors compel the individual to make something. A common topographic point that we see the demand to use motive is in the work topographic point. In the work force, we can see motivation play a cardinal function in leading and direction success. A individual unable to hold on motive and use it will non go or remain a leader. It is important that anyone seeking to take or actuate understand â€Å" How allow to Hierarchy of Work Motivators. † What all procedure theories have in common is an accent on the cognitive procedures in finding his or her degree of motive. Equity theory assumes that one of import cognitive procedure involves people looking about and detecting what attempt other people are seting into their work and what wagess follow them. This societal comparing procedure is driven by our concern for justness and equity. Research by Adams ( 1965 ) and others confirms equity theory as one of the most utile models for understanding work motive. The motivational force of a occupation can so be calculated if the anticipation, instrumentality and are known. The person ‘s abilities, characters, function perceptual experiences and chances cut down the motivational force. In this undertaking merely focal point is on motive and wanted to cognize about the relationship between academic public presentation and motive and merely speak about Extrinsic and Intrinsic factor while the other go-between and moderator factor possibly wholly lay waste to the relationship between the even those pupil although have a intrinsic motive as in this paper in consequence portion you see as a important factor but due to such a factor it ca n't travel good and do n't alter the public presentation as it was expected. I merely want to reexamine some of these articles about the other factors that can be helpful. In cognitive-motivational procedure theoretical account ( Vollmeyer, R. & A ; Rheinberg, F. ( 1998 ) . Motivationally EinfluA?sse auf Erwerb and Anwendung von Wissen in einem computersimulierten System. [ Motivational influences on the acquisition and application of cognition in a fake system. ] Zeitschrift fuA?r PaA?dagogische Psychologie, 12, 11-23. ) Motivational factors imagine that have an consequence on public presentation via go-betweens. Such a possible go-between is continuity. Besides in this paper the research worker did research on 51 pupils learnt a complex moral force system. They measured their initial motive ( mastery assurance, incompetency fright, involvement and challenge ) , so a set of interceding variables during larning. Performance steps were knowledge acquisition and cognition application. In this paper it was shown a path-analysis showed that initial motive influenced continuity and it have direct consequence on public presentation and should take in consideration that sometimes extremely relentless scholars did non hold higher average concluding public presentation, despite geting more cognition over tests. So public presentation is one of the possible go-between that in ( Regina Vollmeyer * , Falko Rheinberg ( 2000 ) this paper it has discussed. Besides in another survey we can see that ( Bandura, 1991 ) combines motive and knowledge into a cognitive-motivational position. He defined motive as a â€Å" multidimensional phenomenon indexed in footings of choice of chases from viing options, strength of attempt, and continuity of effort † ( p. 158 ) . For larning this means that motive non merely affects what people learn, but besides the strength and the continuance of the acquisition activities. So as you can see in this survey although motive has considered as a multidimensional phenomenon, but the indexes is non harmonizing to this paper. In another survey, ( Rheinberg, 1997, p. 14 ) defined motive as something that â€Å" provides an drift towards a end for all current procedures † . In making so, motive influences the manner people learn. Vollmeyer and Rheinberg ( 1998 ) proposed a cognitive-motivational procedure theoretical account. The interaction between motive and knowledge is described in more item by Schiefele and Rheinberg ( 1997 ) . They argued that motive can impact three facets of acquisition: ( 1 ) Continuity and frequence of larning activities. ( 2 ) Manner of performed learning activities. ( 3 ) Motivational and functional provinces of the scholar during larning. These three facets define the model, within which we looked for variables that may intercede the consequence initial motive has on public presentation. Besides different type of acquisition is one of the issues that did n't bespeak in the chief paper but in Schiefele and Rheinberg ( 1997 ) has wholly indicated. In corroborating the relationship between motive and public presentation but in different type in work topographic point we can see: The motivational theoretical account holds that more chances to take part in determination devising supply subsidiaries with greater intrinsic wagess from work ( Conger & A ; Kanungo, 1988 ; Thomas & A ; Velthouse, 1990 ) and higher degrees of psychological authorization ( Spreitzer, 1995 ) , which may ensue in improved work public presentation. In add-on to, the other go-between factor between motive and public presentation as a consequence of a meta-analysis conducted by Eby, Freeman, Rush, and Lance ( 1999 ) revealed that intrinsic motive mediates the nexus between the participative direction behavior of supervisors and the organisational committedness of employees and their work public presentation.( XU HUANG1, ET al.2010 )Furthermore there is some other documents that confirm the some other factors for increasing the motive For case Lumsden, ( 1994 ) analyzed pupils ‘involvement towards instruction and beginnings of their motive. Marshal ( 1987 ) viewed pupils ‘ motive as a force beneficial to the scholar. Ames ( 1990 ) stated that motive to acquisition is dependent on long-run, choice fond regard in acquisition and pledge to the procedure of larning. Most motive philosopher believes that motive is involved in the public presentation of all learned responses and leaned behaviors will non happen unless it is energized.Bomia et Al. ( 1997 ) has suggested pupil motive as pupil acuteness, demand, desire and duty to take part and be dining in the acquisition procedure.Some other Critical Theory in Motivation and public presentation:Consequence of content theories of motive:There are some other theories in motive and academic public presentation which is more related to organisational behavior such as Maslow and ERG theory that in this portion we want to lucubrate more in footings of different demands of employee to acquire satisfy and increase their academic public presentation. Sing that we can see in order to actuate pupil in instance of maximise their academic public presentation to achieve higher scaling we need to run into their basic demands at first due to Maslow and Alderfer ERG theories which belong to content theories of motive as it is illustrated above.Pygmalion consequence on motive and public presentation:It is deserving adverting that pupil public presentation increases merely if we can actuate them. Besides another factor should be highlighted in this respect and that is theory of carry throughing prognosis. This theory negotiations about Pygmalion consequence. The Pygmalion effect enables pupil to stand out in response to the parent and their lector ‘s message that they are capable of success and expected to win. The Pygmalion consequence can besides sabotage pupil public presentation when the elusive communicating from the director tells them the converse. Supposing if a pupil is amateurish, he leaves cicatrixs on the callings, cuts deeply into their self-esteem and distorts their image of himself/herself as human being. But if he/she is adept and has high outlooks of his/her subsidiaries, their confidence will turn, their capablenesss will develop and their efficiency will be high. If the lector really believes that every pupil has the ability to do a positive part at his/her surveies, the telegraphing of that message, either consciously or automatically, will positively hold an consequence on academic public presentation.In respect to discussion portion:While in the treatment portion all the alternate except the intrinsic factors reject we review the literature about Motivational factors and academic acquisition: When a scholar approaches a acquisition undertaking, the literature suggests that several motivational factors are relevant and can be measured: ( Regina Vollmeyer * , Falko Rheinberg, 2000 ) . 1. Learners can change in their certainty that they will win in understanding the undertaking. This factor we will name command assurance ( similar constructs have been proposed: e.g. , subjective chance of success and self-efficacy ( Bandura, 1977 ) . 2. Learners can differ in their anxiousness about neglecting in the undertaking. This factor we will name incompetency fright ( a similar construct is Atkinson ‘s fright of failure, nevertheless, for him this construct is measured as a trait whereas we assess a individual ‘s existent province ) ; ( Regina Vollmeyer * , Falko Rheinberg, 2000 ) . 3. Learners may change in the grade to which they perceive this undertaking as a challenge. Perceiving the undertaking as a challenge requires a personal accomplishment criterion for this undertaking against which to prove undertaking public presentation. 4. The undertaking may or may non arouse the scholar ‘s involvement. All these motivational factors are said to impact acquisition ; nevertheless, it has non been clearly shown how. In conformity with our cognitive-motivational procedure theoretical account ( Vollmeyer & A ; Rheinberg, 1998 ) , we investigated the premise that these four motivational factors influence larning via the undermentioned three go-betweens: The motivational province during acquisition, The systematicity of scholars ‘ schemes The figure of larning rounds the scholars intentionally chooses to pass bettering their cognition ( continuity ) . ( Regina Vollmeyer * , Falko Rheinberg, 2000 ) .In respect to decision and recommendationSUMMERY: AThe purpose of this assignment was to reexamine a equal reviewed journal article that is research based, and is representative of one of the research methodologies we discussed in category ( administer the questionnaire for measuring the merely two concept motive and academic public presentation. The format of the article has the visual aspect of a thesis because it has many of the same constituents. It starts with an abstract that discusses the chief points of the research and the consequences. After reading the article, I found that the abstract failed to advert the other grounds that affect the public presentation except motive of pupil that the research was based on. The research methodological analysis used in this survey was studies analyzed in a quantitative design. More peculiarly, merely one study instruments was introduced in the article, and merely it was used. It was a questionnaire which was designed and developed by Neil ( 2004 ) step pupil ‘s motive and it was called â€Å" The University Student Motivation and Satisfaction Questionnaire version 2 † ( TUSMSQ2 ) .It was an instrument contains 30-items. The inquiries measure both Intrinsic and Extrinsic motive of pupils and one the job is that variable which was analysed in this paper merely concentrate on internal and external characteristic of motive.

Bacteriophage Lambda Lysogenic Cycle Biology Essay

Bacteriophage Lambda Lysogenic Cycle Biology Essay Viruses are tiny agents that cause infections in a wide range of hosts including animals, plants, bacteria and other viruses. In particular, viruses that infect bacteria are called bacteriophages, bacterio meaning â€Å"bacteria† in Greek and phage meaning â€Å"to eat†. Bacteriophages are able to undergo lytic and lysogenic cycle to replicate; however, most undergo one or the other cycle to replicate. An example of a bacteriophage that is able to undergo both cycles is bacteriophage lambda (phage lambda). Bacteriophage lambda infects only the bacterium Escherichia coli strain k-12. Phage lambda is unique in its ability to turn replication genes on or off depending on the host’s condition. When E. coli is infected with phage lambda and the cell dies due to an environmental factor, the phage will switch from the lysogenic to the lytic replication cycle. Bacteriophage lambda was discovered by Esther Lederberg in 1950 while she was working in a laboratory with E. c oli strain k-12. Lederberg is considered a pioneer of bacterial genetics; she was also an immunologist and microbiologist. She flourished academically, receiving a doctorate from the University of Wisconsin where she worked with many other pioneers of microbiology, genetics and immunology, including: Andre Lwoff, Edward Lawrie Tatum, George Wells Beadle, Frances Crick and James Watson. While at the University of Wisconsin, Lederberg was using ultraviolet light on E. coli strain k-12 to mutagenize that specific strain of the bacteria. After prolonged exposure to the ultraviolet light, the bacteria stopped growing and its condition slowly began to deteriorate. An hour and a half after the exposure to the ultraviolet light ceased, the bacteria began to lyse (burst). This led Lederberg to the discovery of bacteriophage lambda. The E. coli sample that Lederberg was using was infected with bacteriophage lambda. The phage was not detected because it was in the lysogenic cycle, which meant that the phage was a prophage, and thus that the phage genome was integrated within the bacterial genome. Bacteriophage lambda sensed that the bacteria was about to die, so it switched its replication genes on and converted to lytic replication, therefore causing the cell to lyse and release the phage into the environment. Lederberg is also accredited with the discovery of induction; the process of when the lysogenic cycle is terminated and the lytic cycle is activated due to adverse conditions caused by ultraviolet light. Lederberg, along with her team of researchers, was awarded the Pasteur award in 1956. Viruses have many different anatomical structures depending on what kind of cells they infect. The anatomical feature that is similar throughout all bacteriophage is the capsid. The capsid or head is a shell made out of protein that contains DNA or RNA, depending on the virus. The capsid also contains some internal proteins. The capsid can have many different configurations, from a polygon-shaped sphere, like an icosahedral, or a rod-shaped helix. The main functions of the capsid are that it allows the virion to attach to its host via special sites on the surface, contains the internal proteins that allows the virus to penetrate the host cell membrane, which enables it to inject the infectious DNA or RNA into the host cell’s cytoplasm, and that it provides protection for the nucleic acid from the environment and digestion by enzymes. The capsid has structural subunits called capsomers that may contain one or many polypeptide chains. Some viruses have a secondary structure that protects the capsid itself, this is called an envelope. Not all viruses have an envelope; the envelope is made up of glyco-proteins and surrounds the entire capsid for optimum protection. The envelope has two lipid layers intermingled with protein molecules, a lipoprotein bi-layer, and also has a mixture of material that consist of the viral origin and some material from the me mbrane of the host cell. Besides a capsid, some viruses also contain a tail that is attached to the capsid which helps the virus penetrate the host cell’s outer membrane and allows the virus to inject the DNA or RNA into the host cell. The tail consists of two main structures: the tail fibers and a tail sheath. The tail fibers are tiny leg like formations that help the phage attach on to the bacterial cell by clinging on to the surface receptors. The tail sheath is a tube like structure that runs from the capsid to the tail fibers; the tail sheath digs into the cell membrane of the host and the DNA or RNA travels down the sheath and into the cytoplasm of the host and the infectious cycle begins. For viruses without tails, specialized spikes are protruding directly from the capsid that play a similar role to that of tails; the spikes are made up of proteins and help the virus invade the host cell. Bacteriophage lambda has a capsid with an icosahedral configuration that is 55 n anometers in diameter that contains 350-575 capsomers or subunits of 37,000 Daltons; the capsomers are positioned in groups of 5 and 6 subunits or pentamers and hexamers. The tail is 180 micrometers long and contains a single tail fiber that is 25 nanometers long. Bacteriophage lambda does not possess an enveloped capsid.

HR Technology Case Scenario #2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HR Technology Case Scenario #2 - Assignment Example Moreover, organizations with the assistance of human resources technology are able to conduct operations with better sustainability as well as profitability in the long run. Thus, HRIS helps to develop employee skills, distinctive organizational cultures, management processes and systems among others (Kavanagh & Johnson, 2012; Kumar, 2012). Subsequently, the assignment describes the HRIS application. Additionally, the type of HRIS application to be implemented by Castle’s Family Restaurant is discussed. HRIS is an emerging concept in the sphere of ‘Human Resource Management’ for conducting HR related operations effectively. HRIS functions in four different areas such as operational, tactical, strategic and computerized (Kumar, 2012). The types of HRIS are illustrated and defined hereunder. Operational human resource information system helps an organization to make decisions by providing support of reviewing HR data and human resource services. Operational-level information system collects data, which is relating to human resources and include information about an organization’s positions, its workforce and governmental regulations among others (Kumar, 2012). Moreover, it has been also identified that few system, which is a part of operational systems are as follows: Employee Information Systems. The human resource information system analyses information of an organization’s employees in order to make various HR decisions. Employees’ information comprises name of an employee, address, sex, education qualification, experience, salary among others (Kumar, 2012). Performance Appraisal Information Systems. The system denotes performances and productivity of employees. The data is used as a witness in order to evaluate employees according to their performance and commitment level. The system helps an organization to determine the appraisal system in the areas of promotion, transfer and termination (Kumar, 2012). The tactical information system usually

Health Reform Plan Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health Reform Plan - Research Paper Example When Clinton administration took office, it did not prioritize health reform per se because it fashioned the supposedly reform to fit their political agenda. The task force, which was constituted to construct the policy, was made up of over 30 working groups with over 500 participants (Yankelovich, 1995). What Clinton and his adviser failed to know was that congress is a political body whose profession is only to make the most politically viable policies, but not policies for public significance. This way, the resultant policy was not inclined to benefit ordinary citizens because the political reality is that healthcare benefits represent income to few players, who benefit from the health industry and whose interest is to ensure that policies favour them. Therefore, the politician and the reform body mistook good policy for good politics by creating a bill which was fit for political mileage rather than political process. Moreover, the Clinton administration did not appreciate the need for a national strategy to sell the plan to the people. Medical coverage would have been a source of anxiety for all Americans as well as voters (Yankelovich, 1995). Failure to involve Americans resulted to what is referred to as human error. One angle of the human error lies in the fact that with 84 per cent of Americans holding health insurance, they were deeply afraid of losing their benefits (Toner, 1993). As a result, whenever the public was interviewed concerning their satisfaction on the old health coverage, most of them rated the services as either ‘very good’ or ‘good’, and this made it very hard to reform the system. Democrats have been avoiding the repeat of the idea following the reform debacle, and this attitude has been a foremost impediment to change.There are several recommendations for president Obama based on the failure of this reform. First, there is no fact in the idea that health reform is not inevitable in the United States