How to Write a Research Proposal Essay

The starting point for every paper, be it a term paper or a finals’ paper, should be a thoroughly worked-out research proposal. Investing sufficient time and thought into writing a research proposal will yield a good return and can save you a lot of time, confusion and disappointment when actually writing your paper. A research proposal serves several purposes: – It gives an overview of the relevance and objective of a research project. – It gives an overview of the content, the procedure and the timing of a research project. It shows whether a research project is manageable in scope and timing. A research proposal has six key components: – A title page – An abstract which summarizes the project – A detailed description of the project – A time schedule for the project – An overview of the structure of the paper (Gliederung) – References The following sections give an overview of each component. Although each research prop osal should follow this guideline, you will find that not all sections are (equally) applicable for each project, since every research project is different. For instance, a paper that focusses on literature review or a theoretical analysis requires a somewhat different research proposal than a paper that reports an empirical study. Identify the aspects in each section that are relevant to your paper. In total, the research proposal should not exceed 4-5 pages. Useful resources are listed at the end of this guideline. I. TITLE PAGE Give the title of your research paper, your name, your student ID, your course of study, the semester you are in, your contact details, and the course details for which you are submitting the proposal. II. ABSTRACT The purpose of the abstract is to give the reader a brief introductory summary of the project. The abstract should not be longer than 100-150 words. It should address the following questions: – What is the topic of research? – What is the research question? – Why is this relevant? – How do I study the topic? – What kind of findings do I anticipate? – How will I interpret the findings? – What are the implications of my research paper? (c) November 2007, Holger Hopp 1 Even though the abstract comes first in a research proposal, it is advisable to write it last, i. . once you have spelt out all information in detail in the later sections. III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION In this section, you give a detailed account of what, why and how you are going to write about. Write this section in a goal-directed manner. Do not attempt to give an exhaustive overview of the literature you have read and do not try to look at every angle of a prob lem. Rather, everything in this section should relate clearly to your research question. 1) What is the research question? In the research question, you succinctly express the objective of your paper. If you feel your project cannot be formulated in a research question, there is something wrong with it. Every suitable project addresses a clear research question! 2) Why is this relevant? In this section, you briefly explain why you consider the research question to be relevant. What does your paper add to previous research in the field? 3) What do you want to study/write about? Here, you zoom in on the particular topic/phenomenon/problem your paper addresses to answer the research question. Make clear why your topic, etc. is suitable for answering the research question. ) What did previous research find? In this section, you provide a brief overview of the relevant literature. Typically, you outline the different positions/approaches/theories in the field, identify flaws or lacunae in previous research, pinpoint open questions and show how your study follows up on or relates to previous research. It is important to keep this section goal-oriented and brief. Typically, you do not ne ed to cite more than 5-7 sources in this section. 5) What is your hypothesis? Formulate a clear and testable hypothesis. Unlike the research question, which is open, a hypothesis is a testable statement. 6) How do you want to test the hypothesis? In this section, you outline the set-up of your study. If you write a paper based exclusively on previous literature, this section should include information about: (a) Sources: Which texts/approaches/analyses are you going to use? (b) Method and Analysis: How are you going to analyze the texts/approaches/analyses? What do you look for? Which criteria do you apply? How are you going to compare several texts/approaches/analyses? c) Procedure: In which order (of research subquestions) do you tackle the texts/approaches? If you carry out an empirical study, this section should include information about: (c) November 2007, Holger Hopp 2 (a) Participants: How many? What are their characteristics or the selection criteria? Where and how are you going to recruit them? (b) Materials: What are your experimental items like? (c) Design of study: How are you going to construct your items? What are the conditions? What is/are the independent variable/s? What is/are the dependent variable/s? d) Method: Name the method and explain why you opted for it. What task are you going to use? (e) Procedure: How does the task work? How do the items get presented? What do the participants do? (f) Predictions: Break down the hypothesis into experimental predictions according to the design, materials and method of your study. (g) Analysis: State how you are going to classify, group and analyze the results. Which comparisons are you going to make? Which statistical analyses, if any, are you going to use (e. g. frequencies, comparison of means, correlations, etc)? ) What are the expected findings? In this section, you anticipate the findings you think you are going to obtain. Typically, these should be consistent with the prediction flowing from your hypothesis. Write this section in future tense. Do not make up fake data or conclusions! 8) How do the findings speak to the hypothesis? In this section, you explain how you interpret the findings in relation to the hypothesis and how they confirm or disprove the hypothesis. It is interesting to think about unexpected findings: What if the findings turn out differently? Are there any alternative interpretations? 9) What is the expected contribution of your study to the field/research question? Here, you briefly summarize the impact you think your project will have. (c) November 2007, Holger Hopp 3 IV. TIME SCHEDULE Many projects fail because they could not be carried out within the set time limit. Hence, working out a time schedule is essential. In most cases, you can use a table for the time schedule as in the example table (Table 1). Your table may contain more or fewer points. Plan backwards form the date your paper is due and allow for enough time. Total time available Activity 1) Finding and reading previous literature 2) Designing materials 3) Learning how to use method 4) Designing questionnaire 5) Finding participants 6) Running tests 7) Analyzing data †¦ †¦ 8) Writing up 9) Rewriting 10) Thorough proof-reading (if possible also by someone else) 11) Submission 4 months (until 31 January 2 ) Time period Dates (from X until Y) 3 weeks 1 October – 21 October 1 week 2 weeks 22 October – 31 October 22 October – 6 November If you work in a team, state how you are going to divide work and who does what when. V. STRUCTURE OF PAPER In this section, you provide a preliminary Table of Contents of your paper that illustrates the structure of the paper. For each section, indicate how long it will approximately be and what the main points are in it. VI. REFERENCES You should list all references cited in the proposal. Make sure these references are up-to-date and conform to the department’s ABC’s of style (see departmental website). The final steps Read through your proposal and use this guideline as a checklist. Make sure you have addressed all relevant points.

How should future generations contend with the French-English divide? Has this divide changed over the past 20 years, if yes how so? Essay

As a part of Quebec’s youth and up and coming younger generation I have witnessed the conflicts between the French- English divide since I could remember and it is important that the needs of both sides are full filled or at least compensated for, future generations need to focus on other issues and need to resolve the French-English divide in a fashionable matter so that both sides can work together and benefit from each other such as the increase of speaking French in schools and businesses. Cleavages are defined as â€Å"a politically significant distinction among identifiable groups in a given population† (L7, S5). Language is an important cleavage in Canadian society (L7, S6), Canada is known to being a diverse country the population consists of many different types of people, cultural backgrounds and value systems each of which should be respected and tolerated by every citizen of this country. The English-French divide has persisted over time as a result of events and decisions by governing bodies that have continued to fuel the divide (L7, S7). There are different solutions to the language issue among French and English speakers but it takes time and although the divide has changed a lot, the past 20 years we aren’t where we want to be just yet and it is up to future generations to solve this problem. Further issues such as the compact vs contract theory will be discussed and also in recent news the dispute over the Charter of values the Pauline Marois government seek to put in effect that has sprung up a dispute other issues that will be discussed are Bill 101 and the disputes over the equalization of payments that has become a major topic for discussion and a large part of the French-English division if future generations were to resolve these topics they would be one step closer to a neutral decision. The language divide has played a key part in intergovernmental policies  between the federal government and the provinces and is therefore an important part to understand. We’ve learnt throughout history that the English have often attempted to assimilate the French (L7, S8) you don’t often see the English trying to preserve the French language and this resulted in a heated battle among English and French especially in the late 1800’s and late 1900’s where the divide had intensified and almost seemed imminent. In a video demonstrated in the lecture slides (L7, S8) former premier of Quebec (2001-2003) Bernard Landry and former leader of the Parti Quà ©bà ©coise points out that 75% of Anglos in Quebec speak both French and English and almost all the younger generations speak both language and admits this is a great improvement. Part of Quebec’s problem is that you can become a citizen by speaking English or French this is a problem for the Quebecoise because people are coming from different countries with just an English background, if there was a divide they would make it so that if you were to become a Quebec resident speaking French would be mandatory. Preserving the French language has been a top priority for Quebec. The French lived in constant fear of losing their language (L7, S8) so in order to preserve the French language and culture the appropriate decision the Parti Quebecoise have decided to do is to promote separatism. There was talk of the separation of Quebec from Canada being more of a sovereignty-association, Quebec would separate but would retain a political and economic association with Canada. They would share the same currency and have some joint governments to oversee their relations. Quebec would not really be independent it would actually rely heavily on both Canada and the United States for trade. Quebec would then be able to change the language laws so that French would be the first language. This could be a good decision but there’s a large amount of English speaking Quebec citizens who disapprove. Bernard Landry points out that Quebec has improved over the years and that he has seen a lot more Anglo’s speaking French as well but he points out that it is a different issue in different provinces. Being an English speaker myself it is very encouraging and helpful that I am perfectly bilingual, being bilingual has helped me in the work force, in my studies and in my social life. These are some factors that have English speaking Quebecers  speak more French and really made an impact among English and French speakers of Quebec. In Bernard Landry’s video he talks about speaking to his cousins that live in British Columbia and displays how they have lost their French Background it is in the Parti Quebecoise best interest to prevent this from happening. As we have seen, la survivance was the notion that fuelled traditional Quebec nationalism. The Quiet Revolution gave rise to a new type of nationalism in Quebec which had a different vision of the state and its ability, through its institutions, to help the French survive (L7, S49). The French-English divide was further aggravated when the Quebec government decided to use its institutions to implement legislation to ensure the survival of the French language in Quebec. This caused a great deal of controversy in English .In an attempt to counter such nationalist language tactics and appease the French, the federal government also used its institutions to enact legislation related to language. There is no doubt that the French-English divide has been fuelled by these issues (L7, S58). After all these events had taken place the French took action into preserving the French language and culture and to implement it on all of Quebec. The Quebec Board of the French Language (OQLF) more popularly known as the ‘language police’ by the English media are probably the most feared people to business owners. In Quebec, Bill 101 implements that all visible form of writing must be in French, there are strict laws that indicate that the French words have to be visually larger than any other language as well as businesses more than 50 employees were going to have to adjust and use French as their language of business (L7, S59). Maintaining the two official languages is not cheap. Even Canada’s current Prime Minister Stephen Harper commented on the cost of bilingualism even before he was elected as the prime minister. These factors have played a major role in the changes Quebec has had over the years and I have noticed it myself. The divide has changed a lot of the years and with Pauline Marois and the Parti Quebecoise who knows what will happen next. The French and English divide is becoming less and less of a problem in Quebec although tensions have been rising lately with the PQ it is in their interest to keep the French population in Quebec happy and to keep pushing new legislations to enforce the speaking of the  French language. Although it is a great approach to preserve the language you could say that the language police have taken it a step too far at some points with disputes and attempted ban of these words in restaurants such as â€Å"pasta† and â€Å"fish n chips†. The Anglo’s have a hard time dealing with disputes such as these knowing our tax dollars are being spent on non-sense such as the banning of those words. In all I think it is important to implement that business owners change their signs and put in place a French first basis and plays a big factor in today’s language battle and it is a large reason why a lot of Quebecers are speaking French first. I myself walk in a place of business and speak French first to the clerk, when I am working myself I introduce myself in French first and I adapt to whomever I am talking too whether or not they are French or English it is important to respect the language of other people. In recent news a large dispute has sprung up with the â€Å"Charter or Values† Pauline Marois and the Parti Quebecois brought up the idea of banning religious symbols and dress codes when at work. This includes the Christian cross, Jewish and Muslim headwear, hijabs, turbans, etc. As the government expected, the plan to introduce the Chater of Value’s created street protests. Situations like these aren’t helping the French and English division it has strung up protests and aggravates the English speakers these aren’t ways to increase French speaking and culture in Quebec it had fuelled the fire in a way and bring us a step back from where we would like to be in the English – French division. The linguistic battle among French- English has improved in Quebec over the past 20 years with French being highly implemented in schools and businesses but I couldn’t say that for the rest of the provinces. These are ways to further increase the population of French speaking Canadians, future generations should focus on increasing French in schools and businesses rather than try to force the language on people with new legislations and fines. We have seen improvements over the past 20 years and that should continue if other provinces were to adapt more the French language in their place of business and in schools you would see a large increase in the population of Canada that speak French rather than just Quebec. Bibliography Bernard Landry, former Premier of Quebec (2001 – 2003) and leader of the Parti Quà ©bà ©cois (2001 – 2005 Brooks, Stephen (2004) â€Å"Canadian Democracy – An Introduction 6th edition† Oxford University Press: Toronto. PP.187-189 http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/is-pasta-french-enough-for-quebec-1.1301918

Homeless Symposium Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Homeless Symposium - Essay Example Poor people are not able to pay for housing, and the situation is caused by the increased lack of employment opportunities and a decline in public assistance. Inadequate housing facilities have led to homelessness, as the available housing is too expensive thereby becoming unaffordable to the low- income households. Most women have run away from domestic violence together with their children leading them to homeless housing. Many families have ended in homelessness because of lack of affordable health care. The elderly poor individuals have landed in homeless apartments as their health decline and lack of public assistance increases. Drug abuse especially among the youths has made it possible for them to run away to homelessness as the society acts against their behavior. Homelessness in Indiana has adversely affected families and children in substantial levels. The trends depicted in national levels are trickling down to the local levels. Indiana has been ranked 24th in the number of homeless children in the entire nation. Moreover, Indiana has the high rates on the child homelessness making it 29th in the national ranking according to the National Homeless data. According to the national homeless data, in Evansville and its surrounding areas, more than 400 people are homeless of who one third of them are children. In these locales, at least 120 families are homeless daily. During the census of 2000, Evansville and its environs recorded the highest percent of homeless individuals per capita as compared to the numbers in the Indian county. Access to care that provides financial assistance to the target group would prevent them from eviction and will bolster public assistance thus enabling people to live with others. Access to care will enable a person to afford a rent of $ 457 per month if his or her wage earnings are at 30% Area Meridian Income (AMI). In Evansville and its

On Orientalism Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

On Orientalism - Movie Review Example The theme of Orientalism and empire is rooted in the reasons used to justify the colonization of the East by the European imperial powers (wings.buffalo.edu). The Palestine question is another intriguing aspect of how the orientalist trend by the West has created an ideal middle east in modern Orientalism. The media coverage of Palestinian people gives a distorted image of Palestine, which depicts its inhabitants as irrational, unreasonable and violent people. The practice of irresponsible journalism by the Western media thrusts the stone throwing brand on Palestine as violent country (wings.buffalo.edu). The Oklahoma City bombing is quintessentially a guiding experience of how the West has a misunderstanding of the Middle East as a terrorist region. The media, especially the London Sunday Times portrayed racist phrases. For instance, the attack was described as â€Å"match made in Mecca†. Said explores the impact of Orientalism in the production of information on a restrained framework that ignorant of the diversity of the Islamic world. Furthermore, the Oklahoma City bombing was not Middle East attack. In fact, the attack was reported to be from a deep-seated Christian origin (wings.buffalo.edu). The American Orientalism is rooted in American, foreign policy mainly influenced by political and economic interests in the East. The American Orientalism features along the theme of barbaric stereotypes of the Middle East inhabitants. The U.S views the Middle East with the notion that it is a terror region with the mission of disrupting peace and stability of the American people. Modern America experiences challenging diplomatic relations with the Middle East that began in the twentieth century demonizing the Muslims and Arabs as anti-western terrorists (wings.buffalo.edu). The Palestinian question is quintessentially an enlightening scenario that ushers modern Orientalism

Special Education Practices, Interventions And Strategies Essay

Special Education Practices, Interventions And Strategies - Essay Example The child who is shorter than average may be assumed to possess less physical and emotional ability. It may create a challenge for the educator of students with special needs to develop age and developmentally appropriate learning activities. It is imperative that educators develop strategies for teaching communications skills, reading, what the educator thinks the student’s the developmental stage should be. Each child who receives the special education is unique, with his or her own set of strengths, weaknesses, and abilities. The educator should develop strategies â€Å"for working effectively with community and services that can help meet the needs children with disabilities† (National Evaluation System, 2009). This means strategies should be based on the needs of the individual student, rather than based solely on diagnosis and assessment. Franz Boas (the originator of the four-field approach in anthropology and first chairman of the department of anthropology at C olumbia University) â€Å"demonstrated that all children pass the same developmental milestones, but at a rate affected by heredity, by nutrition, by climate and by interactions of all of these† (Little, 2008). Though two students of the same age may have the same diagnosis, differences in abilities and levels of development will exist, based on internal and external influences. Effective strategies for special education students are based on principles of human growth and development, while taking into account the many variables that influence the development and the uniqueness of the individual student, in terms of personal development.

Gender Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Gender Issues - Essay Example Gender Issues: Basically the story is about a little boy who is depicted as a "typical" little boy. Of course this is a stereotype, because his room is messy, his hair is tussled and many of his toys are on the floor. On the second page, there are three boys sitting at the table and they receive boy toys (a Corvette Sting Ray car kit and a Junior Undercover Agent code ring) in their cereal boxes. In the next pages a mother is driving the kids to school and there is only one girl seen in the entire book. There is a female teacher, an din Alexanders classroom, there are only two girls; there is one girl of color and all the rest of the children are Caucasian. On the next two pages, there are four girls and three boys; there is one boy of color. The next two pages have a girl and three boys, one of the boys is a boy of color. In the dentists office, the dentist is male, and it is the mother who brings the kids to the dentist. On the next two pages, there are only boys. The boys get into a small fight and it is mother who breaks them up. The next two pages show three male children. Towards the end of the book, we finally se a father. It is very apparent that the father is the "bread winner" and the mother is the homemaker. This is shown because dad is in a suit and tie and working in an office. The kids mess up his office and his reaction is "please dont pick him up anymore". This shows that the father does not take equal care of the boys. The story portrays a traditional family with mom taking care of the kids and the home. The father is at work in an office so he is the one who makes money for the family. The written depictions are about Alexander and his day so Alexander is spotlighted. Personal view: Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day is a hilarious book. There is charm and with in it. I particularly liked that Alexander was always wanting to move to

Film Analysis on Badlands (1973) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Film Analysis on Badlands (1973) - Essay Example It ends with arrest of Kit while Holly receives probation (Sheen and Spacek 1). Editing The movie is edited in an appropriate and excellent manner because it is based on ancient time. This is apparent from the ancient designs of the houses presented in the movie. The clothing in the film suggests that the story happened in the mid 20th century. The film portrays crime and love as the main themes. In as much as love is a good thing, Kits and Holly’s relationship are characterized criminal activities. Holly narrates the story as it begins with her confession of ignorance on the consequences of her actions as well as Kits. The movie employs narration and flashbacks in presentation of the storyline. At the beginning, Holly confesses her ignorance and then proceeds to explain actions that led to her current state using narration. However, the story does not rely on narration alone but rather takes the audience through flashbacks highlighting activities that took place when Holly me ets Kit (Sheen and Spacek 1). The scenes follow in a successful sequence by portraying the lovable yet precarious situation of Kit and Holly. The audience loves the characters at this stage. The audience’s feelings change as they run from Holly burnt home. The editors made it appear as the expectations of the viewer slowly move from a sweet story to a thrilling encounter that is full of suspense and curiosity. The film portrays arrogant nature of Kit and his antisocial behavior. Holly’s narration uses third person as the subject. Her voice portrays her indifference after developing feelings of romance, violence, fear, hope and the ultimate fate that befalls them. Death does not seem to weigh on the conscience of the two lovers. This comes out in Holly’s passive voice as she describes her father’s reaction when he found out that she was secretly having an affair. In a voice devoid of emotions, she says, â€Å"his punishment for deceiving him: he went and shot my dog. He made me take extra music lessons every day after school, and wait there till he came to pick me up. He said if piano didn’t keep me off the streets, maybe the clarinet would† (Klein 1). She emphasizes her father’s treatment towards her and only mentions the death of the dog as a minor explanation (Klein 1). The film does not offer psychological concepts to explain the actions of the two characters. However, the film edition clearly points out the traits of the two characters. Production of the film is based on narration of Holly’s experience. The story follows the transformation of the girl’s innocence because she eventually realizes the processes in the world and law systems. Consequently, it does not explain Kit’s reasons for behaving in the manner he does. The story’s main setting is the road. Consequently, the film has various characters emerging and disappearing. The story only follows the two characters and touche s on their status at different times. Consequently, the production does not employ complex plotting (Sheen and Spacek 1) Sounds The sounds used in this film are both diegetic and non-diegetic. Diegetic sounds portray the world experienced by the characters, Kit and Holly. On the other hand, non-diegetic music allows the audience to understand the circumstances caused by the actions of the two lovers. Diegetic music entails the sounds felt by the characters while non-diegetic sounds are for the sake of the audience (Klein 1). Non-diegetic sounds emerge at

McCarthyism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

McCarthyism - Essay Example Americans were shaken and afraid. The Soviet sweeping occupation of Eastern Europe occurred immediately following WWII. In effect, Russia replaced Germany and Japan as the American nemesis. The â€Å"Godless Communists† became a clear and present danger to a nation primed, ready and seemingly anxious to accept the Soviets as the new enemy of the â€Å"American Way.† Senator Joseph McCarthy seized upon this fear for, some would insist, purely political gain. He held hearings designed to weed-out subversives and communist sympathizers so as to keep America clean of communism. Instead, this time in history, the early 1950’s, is shamefully known as McCarthyism, a term that has since become a synonym for â€Å"witch hunt.† When World War II finally ended in 1945 Americans were war-weary and scared of a new threat, the Soviet Union. The Soviets had taken the place of Germany in the hearts and minds of Americans because it was emulating the aggressive, imperialis tic tendencies of the Third Reich. The difference being the Soviets now had a military that more or less matched the strength of the U.S., was a larger country and had a long-established communist philosophy which it was also spreading rapidly throughout Eastern Europe. The Soviets also had the atomic bomb by 1949 and was increasing its rocket capabilities, a move than would ultimately pit the two world superpowers in the space race of the late 1950’s through the1960’s. The threat of nuclear annihilation and/or a communist takeover was very real in the minds of 1940’s-50’s America. The sales of backyard bomb shelters were booming and the propaganda machines left over from the Nazi era was in full production mode. Communists, known simply as â€Å"Reds† were feared and thought to be lurking just about anywhere, the guy in the office next to yours, neighbors, long-term friends and family. Communist theories were supposedly hiding within the meanings of literary phrases and all types of media including the news. â€Å"A curious process of symbolic transference was at work whereby symbols applied to Hitlerite Germany were projected onto the USSR on account of the dangerous ‘Red Fascism’ promoted by Stalin† (Sproule, 208). This era was not the first threat of communism in America. The initial wave of â€Å"commie† paranoia came in 1917 after the Russian Revolution. Anti-communist sentiment subsided during the 1920 and ‘30’s when it was replaced by anti-fascism. The â€Å"Second Red Scare† lasted from about 1947 to 1957. McCarthyism and anti-communist sentiments could not have gained traction without the high intensity propaganda campaign encouraged by the government to discourage subversives and by corporations in their effort to undermine unions. R.J. Reynolds, a large tobacco company, initiated a widespread multi-million dollar campaign to notify the country about the communistic ch aracter of labor unions, particularly the union representing tobacco workers. This tactic caught on rapidly with other industries resulting in plummeting union membership numbers across the country for several decades. This effort continues today but the fear-based term is now â€Å"socialism.† The U.S. and Soviet Union were firmly engaged in what is famously known as the Cold War. It was a fought on two fronts, a mass military build-up and a propaganda blitz. During this time of the second red scare, many local and state governments along with public schools and

Issues Facing Education Essay Example for Free

Issues Facing Education Essay This article points out the varying trends in higher education. In the current learning dynamic, one has many options. Some can pursue a more traditional education by way of a four year university or do what the students enrolled in this course are doing; seeking education by way of the Internet. Colleges, universities and educational opportunities in general have evolved throughout history. To save myself and my readers from a long history lesson, I will narrow it down to the last few decades. If you look back to our parents, or even grandparents generations, you can see there has been a transition not only in curriculum, but also in how we receive our education. We are able to further our educations despite not being able to physically be in a classroom. Bill Gates predicted that place-based activity in college will be five times less important than it is today. (Aoun, par. 1). The author points out that higher learning is available to many that would not have the opportunity due to location, careers, or another important aspect; sufficient funding. For example, students can attend larger colleges by way of satellite locations, online learning opportunities, overseas and international opportunities and still have the option to decide between many degrees. The main point of the article is not that one is better than the other or will eventually replace the other. Instead, these added variations are an enhancement to today’s educational opportunities. I completely agree with the author’s perspective that just because one chooses an alternate path to pursue higher education, it does not mean that the end state of one is better than the other. Bill Gates is right to have faith in the ability of online education to empower new generations of students to advance their educations. But if past is prologue, online education will remain a component ofnot the answer tothe diverse system that has cemented the leadership of American higher education in the world (Aoun, par. 16). It is through technological advancement and the evolution of education that someone in my position is able to serve in the military ull time, maintain a family and still have the opportunity to attend college. If education would have remained a â€Å"brick and mortar† institution, I would have to wait until my service was complete which would limit my career opportunities in the future. The evolution of education can only be seen as beneficial to today’s society, economy and to the advancement of our culture as a whole. I feel this article would be very useful in a research essay due to the fact that the author does not take a biased approach to the issue. He does point out the very different aspects, good and bad, of different ways education is offered and the additional activities that may or may not be present during place based learning. I don’t necessarily agree that the lack of peer to peer contact, school spirit, or community activities involved with campus life will make a person more or less successful. Throughout our lives we are faced with diversity, new opportunities, new ways of thinking and the chance to learn from different experiences. Lifelong learning is about opening yourself up to all of these things no matter whether it’s for a degree or for personal enrichment.

Balanced Diet for an Adult Essay Example for Free

Balanced Diet for an Adult Essay Food is an integral part of human life providing energy for cellular activities to keep us healthy. According to World Health Organization (2013), healthy nutrition is ingesting an adequate and well balanced diet in relation to the body’s dietary needs and when combined with regular physical activities is the cornerstone to good health. A diet containing the right portions of all the five food groups of the Eatwell Plate (figure1 and appendix1 for recommended servings) known as a balanced diet will provide the organic macronutrients including proteins, carbohydrates and lipids and the micronutrients, vitamins and minerals to sustain life. Only ingested carbohydrates, proteins and lipids will count towards total caloric intake and will be digested into monomers like glucose for absorption and assimilation. National Health Service (2012) recommends daily caloric intake of 2500Kcal and 2000Kcal which will be derived from the proteins, lipids and carbohydrate sources in a diet for average adult males and females respectively. Age, sex, health condition and physical activities influence dietary needs. This essay will discuss a balanced diet for an adult including the structure, sources, functions, recommended daily allowance (RDAs), deficiency and excessive effects of the macronutrients. Also the micronutrients and water which are not considered as nutrients will be discussed. THE FOOD PYRAMID [pic]Figure1 (NHS 2011) Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. British Nutrition Foundation (2013), recommends that 47.7% (203g) and 48.5% (275g) of daily energy should come from carbohydrates for females and males respectively with 29g being roughages. Carbohydrates exist naturally or refined as monosaccharides that are reducing sugars. Monosaccharides build the complex carbohydrates, disaccharides and polysaccharides through dehydration synthesis. Monosaccharides have general formula (CH2O)n where ‘n’ determines whether pentose(5Carbons) or hexose (6Carbons). Glucose found in maple syrup, fructose in corn syrup and galactose in honey are hexose-isomers; having the same formula, C6H12O6 but different structures. The disaccharides with the general formula C12H22O11 are sucrose made from fructose and glucose, maltose from two glucose molecules and lactose from galactose and glucose. Sucrose is derived from beet sugar, lactose from milk and maltose from vinegar. The polysaccharides with general formula (C6H10O5)n where 40≠¤n≠¤3000, exist as starch or non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) which can be soluble or insoluble. Starch consists of glucose molecules joined by glycosidic bonds. The NSPs include oligosaccharide (raffinose) and cellulose (dietary fibre). Potatoes, yams and cassava are rich in starch and are very digestible. Whole grain cereals, legumes (appendix2), fruits and storage vegetables like asparagus and cabbage are rich in the NSPs. Raffinose is an indigestible trisaccharide of fructose,glucose and galactose with formula C18H32O16. Animal sources of carbohydrates are liver and scallops. Carbohydrates provide sweetness and are the primary source of energy especially for brain and blood cells. Cellular respiration converts glucose monomers into ATP. Fats cannot be oxidised without glucose. Most NSPs are partially digestible or indigestible due to lack of ÃŽ ±-galactosidae (enzyme) in GI Tract. They reduce glycaemia index and plasma cholesterol levels, increase bile acid excretion, promote normal laxation and prevent breast cancer, gallstones, haemorrhoids, and irritable bowel syndrome (Kumar et all 2012). Furthermore, Kumar (2012) concluded that excessive carbohydrates will cause dental decay, kidney damage, stroke, diabetes due to obesity and short term conditions like hyperglycaemia. Carbohydrate deficiency will cause constipation, fatigue, weak immunity, muscle cramps and ketosis; this is very rare as 50g/day of carbohydrate is needed to prevent ketosis. THE DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS TO FORM MALTOSE [pic]Figure2 EQUATION: (C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 = C12H22O11 + H2O) (Marshall University 2012) Proteins or polypeptides consist of three to 100000 or more long chains of the organic molecules called amino acids joined together by covalent peptide bonds. A protein of two amino acids is called a dipeptide. There are 20 common forms of amino acids either termed non-essential (synthesised by the liver) and essential that needs to be ingested. Proteins consist of a central carbon atom, a hydrogen atom, amino group (-NH2), Carboxylic group (-COOH) and the variable R group (figure3). The term amino acid is derived from the amino and carboxylic groups that all amino acids have in common. According Kuil (2012), principal sources of proteins are lean meat, seafood, poultry, eggs, cereals, legumes (refer to appendix3), cereals and processed food like low-fat milk. Proteins form about 45% of human body and perform the following seven essential functions: structural (hair, ligaments), contractile (muscles), transport (haemoglobin), metabolic regulation (enzymes), buffering, defence (antibodies) and coordination and control (hormones) (Martini 2006). Haemoglobin transports oxygen and a lack of protein (haemoglobin) can deny vital organs the needed oxygen for metabolism. Protein deficiency can also cause fatigue, anaemia, weak immunity, skin problems, impairment of cognition and mental health problems. Whereas excessive proteins can cause obesity, osteoporosis and kidney stones (Georgetown University 2012). About 15% of an adults’ caloric intake should come from protein equivalent to 56g and 46g for male and female respectively (Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, 2012). DEHYDRATION OF AMINO ACIDS TO FORM DIPEPTIDE PROTEINS [pic]Figure3 (Marshall University 2012) Lipids are made up of an even number of carbon from 12 to 20, oxygen, hydrogen and sometimes traces of phosphorus, sulphur or nitrogen. Lipids are grouped into 4: steroids, phospholipids, waxes and glycerides. Most of the 70 identified lipids are synthesised by the body whereas linoleic (omega6) and alpha-linolenic (omega3) acids are two essential lipids to be ingested. They are mostly insoluble due to the long chain of hydrophobic carbon-carbon end bonded to a short hydrophilic carboxyl group. The double covalent bond, (C=C) determines whether saturated (no C=C) or monounsaturated (1 C=C) or polyunsaturated (2 or more C=C). Glycerides are made up of glycerol bonded to 1 or more fatty acids by dehydration synthesis, triglyceride with 3 fatty acids is the predominant of the lipids (refer figure4). Unsaturated sources of lipids are olive oil, peanut, salmon, halibut and avocados. Saturated sources are butter, sausage and hydrogenated oil. According to British Dietetic Association (2013), adults should consume not more than 20-30g of saturated-fat with 5g or less being trans-fat since saturated lipids are high in cholesterol. The structural lipids form cell membranes. Also fat cushions and protects organs including liver, heart, and kidney, energy source; twice as much as carbohydrates and proteins, thermoregulation (insulation), sex hormones, transport vitamins and monounsaturated fat can decrease cholesterol levels (USA Department of Agriculture, 2010). Excessive consumption of lipids will lead to obesity which is characterised by high BMI as shown in appendix 2, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, colorectal cancer and diabetes, whereas deficiency will result in the body lacking the vital vitamins A,D,E and K (Schenker, 2012). DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS TO FORM TRIGLYCERIDE [pic]Figure4 (Marshall University 2012) The micronutrients, vitamins and minerals are needed in minute quantities. Minerals can be classified as major or trace of which a few are essential including sodium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, iron, calcium, iodine, etc. (refer to appendix4 for RDAs). According to Higdon and Drake (2011), sources of minerals are plants that derive them from the soil and move on the food chain to the herbivores like cattle that eat them. Spinach, legumes, whole grains, dairy products, red meat, soybeans, salmon, cod, iodised table salt (iodine, sodium, chlorine) and eggs are excellent sources of minerals. According to Whitley and Rolfes (2011), minerals perform the following functions: the electrolytes, sodium, potassium and chlorine transmit nerve impulses, control fluid balance (providing optimum pH for enzyme activities), control blood pressure and relax and contract muscles. Zinc, copper and selenium are antioxidants; they reduce the risk of heart diseases. Iron forms haemoglobin. Sodium and potassium coregulate ATP production. Calcium and phosphorus control blood clotting and together with magnesium build bones, teeth, maintain muscle and nerve cells. Iodine is needed for the production of thyroxin; deficiency will cause goitre. Since some minerals are coenzymes, deficiency will cause malfunctioning cellular activities (digestion, metabolism). Iron deficiency causes anaemia whereas calcium, phosphorus and magnesium (hypocalcaemia) deficiency will cause osteoporosis. Calcium, magnesium and the electrolytes deficiencies will cause weakness, muscle cramps and impaired alertness. Zinc deficiency causes diarrhoea, skin and prostate cancers. Their intake should be balanced with use and excretion as excess may cause Hyperkalaemia (potassium), kidney-stones (calcium) and hypernatremia (sodium). Vitamins are grouped into water soluble (WSV) including C and B complex vitamins; they cannot be stored and therefore, it is imperative to be part of a balanced diet, and fat soluble (FS) including vitamins K,E,D, and A; they can be stored (refer appendix 5 for RDA). Green leafy vegetables (lettuce), oranges, kiwi fruit, avocados, whole grains and cereals, banana, dairy products, liver, poultry, pork, oily fish, eggs, soybeans, chickpeas and nuts are excellent sources of the vitamins (Firth 2011). Vitamin K can be synthesised in the intestine which helps the blood clot whereas Vitamin D can be synthesised by the body using sunlight to help the absorption of calcium and phosphorus (Cranney et al (2010). Vitamins A and C build immunity. Vitamins B1,B2,B3, and biotin help release energy. Vitamin A, niacin and pantothenic acid aid the absorption and use of macronutrients monomers. Vitamin C makes collagen and enhances folate absorption. Vitamin deficiency generally causes weak immunity and osteoporosis (Vitamin D), scurvy (Vitamin C), beriberi (B1), anaemia (B12 and folate) and night blindness (Vitamin A). Excessive amounts of vitamins E and K are usually not harmful but excess A,D and the WSV which can be excreted cause kidney problems and hypercalcaemia (excess D). Excessive vitamin C causes diarrhoea (NHS 2012). In conclusion, spending excessively on supplements and creams as well as engaging in dangerous diets like the Atkins Diet are not necessary. The secret to healthy living is carefully selecting the right proportions of food from the Eatwell plate, drinking enough water in combination with regular exercises. Figure 5 and appendix 6 show functions of water. Consider the positives and negatives when selecting food products such as red meat; rich in protein but high in cholesterol whereas fatty fish enhances calcium absorption. Soybean, liver, green leafy vegetables, whole grains and legumes will provide almost all the nutrients; combine them in your diet in right proportions for optimal hormonal, metabolic, mental and physical functions of the body. It is important to consult a doctor before starting any diet as nutritional needs are affected by health and some medications affect absorption of nutrients. FUNCTIONS OF WATER IN THE BODY [pic]Figure 5 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 2013 LIST OF APPENDIXES APPENDIX 1 |FOOD GROUP |SERVINGS PER DAY | |Carbohydrates including bread, pasta, rice, potatoes and other starchy foods |6-10 servings | |Fruits and vegetables |3-5 servings | |Meat, fish, eggs, beans and nuts |2-3 servings | |Milk and dairy foods |2-3 servings | |Food and drinks high in fat and/or in sugar |Use sparingly | University of Michigan Integrative Medicine, 2010 APPENDIX 2: OBESITY AND BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) |BMI |LEVEL OF OBESITY | |Below 18.5 |Underweight | |From 18.5-24.9 |Healthy Range | |From 25-30 |Pre Obese | |Above 30 |Obese | NHS, 2012 APPENDIX 3: FOOD GROUPS AND EXAMPLES |FOOD GROUP |EXAMPLES | |Legumes |Beans, Lentils, Peas, Chickpeas, French beans, Kidney , soybeans, Coco beans etc. | |Whole grains |Barley, Corn, Millet, Oats, Rice, Milo, Wheat | |Green leafy vegetables |Spinach, Broccoli, Lettuce, Cabbage, Mustard green, Kale examples | APPENDIX 4: MINERALS AND THEIR RDA |SYMBLE |SOURCES |RDA | |Na (Sodium) |Table Salt, Sea vegetables, spinach, milk |6g | |Ca (Calcium) |Salmon, Sardine, eggs, dairy products, nuts, oregano |700mg | |K (Potassium) |Spinach, legumes, tomatoes, banana, avocado, whole grains and |3500mg | | |yams | | |P (Phosphate) |Fish, poultry, oats, rice, red meat, |700mg | |Fe (Iron) |Eggs, spinach, shrimps, soybeans, lentils, tomatoes, olives, |M=8.7mg / F=4.8mg | | |tomatoes | | |Mg (Magnesium) |Spinach, soybean, sea vegetables, tomatoes, beans, brazil nuts|M=300mg / F=270mg | |I (Iodine) |Eggs, milk, fish, shellfish, yoghurt, strawberries, iodised |0.14mg | | |salt | | |Se (Selenium) |Cod, salmon, garlic, lamb, cheese, calf liver, barley, brazil |75mcg | | |nuts | | |Zn (Zinc) |Calf liver, spinach, eggs, oats, oyster, lean pork and beef, |M=5.5-9.5mg / F=4-7mg | | |asparagus | | USA Department of Agriculture / Department of Health, 2010 APPENDIX 5: VITAMINS AND THEIR RDA’S |VITAMIN |SOURCES |RDA | |Retinol (A) |Liver, fish oil, carotenoids, milk fortified |M=0.7mg / F=0.6mg | |Ascorbic acid (C) |Citrus (oranges), kiwi fruit, broccoli |40mg | |Thiamin (B1) |Liver, pork, whole grains and products |M=1mg / F=0.8mg | |Riboflavin (B2) |Liver, eggs, milk, rice, mushrooms |M=1.3mg / F=1.1mg | |Niacin (B3) |Poultry, fish, beef, peanut butter, legumes |M=17mg / F=13mg | |Pyridoxine (B6) |Liver, pork, legumes, fish, whole grains |M=1.4mg / F=1.2mg | |Cobalamin (B12) |Beef, poultry, cod, salmon, cheese, eggs |0.0015mg | |Vitamin E |Vegetable oil, green vegetables, nuts |12mg | |Folate |Broccoli, peas, asparagus, brown rice |0.2mg | |Pantothenic acid |Milk, fruits, veggies, meat, fish, grains |10mg | |Biotin |Cottage cheese, liver, eggs, peanut, grain |300mcg | |Vitamin K |Green vegetables, fruits, nuts |75mg | |Note that Vitamin K can be synthesised in the intestine whereas Vitamin D can be derived salmon, fortified cereals and juices, milk and | |sunlight (No RD A but 15minutes in the sun thrice a week is enough) | USA Department of Agriculture / Department of Health, 2010 APPENDIX 6: RECOMMENDED DAILY ALLOWANCE FOR WATER |SEX |RDA FOR WATER | |MALE |3.7L with no upper limit increase with exercise to rehydrate | |FEMALE |2.7L with no upper limit increase with exercise to rehydrate and increase intake when | | |breast feeding. | INSTITUTE OF MEDICENE 2004 REFERENCE LIST ONLINE âž ¢ British Dietetic Association (2013) Food fact sheet: cholesterol [Online] Available from: http://www.bda.uk.com/foodfacts/cholesterol.pdf [Accessed on 20/02/2013]. âž ¢ British Nutrition Foundation (2013) Confusion on fat and heart health [Online]. Available from: http://www.nutrition.org.uk/nutritioninthenews/headlines/fats [Accessed on 20/02/2013]. âž ¢ Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention (2012) Nutrition for everyone: Protein [Online] Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/everyone/basics/protein.html [Accessed on 19/12/2013]. âž ¢ Cranney et al, (2007) Effectiveness and safety of vitamin D in relation to bone health [Online] Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18088161?dopt=Abstract [Accessed on 20/02/2013]. âž ¢ Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. (2004) Dietary reference intakes: Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride and Sulphate. Washington DC: Institute of Medicine. [Online]. Available from: www.iom.edu/Reports/2004/Dietary-Reference-Intakes-Water-Potassium- [Accessed on 20/02/2013]. âž ¢ Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board (2010) Dietary reference intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington DC: Institute of Medicine. [Online]. Available from: http://www.iom.edu/~/media/Files/Report%20Fil.pdf [Accessed on 20/02/2013]. âž ¢ Marshall University (2012) [Online] Available from: http://science.marshall.edu/murraye/alpha_amylase.htm [Accessed on 18/02/2013]. âž ¢ Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research [no date] Nutrition and healthy eating: functions of water in the body. [Online] Available from: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/medical/IM00594 [Accessed on 19/02/2013]. âž ¢ National Health Service (2011) [Online] Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/Goodfood/Pages/eatwell-plate.aspx [Accessed on 17/02/2013]. âž ¢ National Health Service (2011) [Online] Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/3215.aspx?CategoryID=51 [Accessed on 17/02/2013]. âž ¢ National Health Service (2012) [Online] Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/1126.aspx?CategoryID=51SubCategoryID=164 [Accessed on 17/02/2013]. âž ¢ United States of America. Department of Agriculture/Department of Health and Human Services (2010), Dietary guidelines for Americans, Washington DC: US Government Printing Office. [Online] Available from: http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2010/DietaryGuidelines2010.pdf [Accessed: 19/02/2013]. âž ¢ University of Michigan Integrative Medicine (2010) Healing foods pyramid [Online] Available from: http://www.med.umich.edu/umim/food-pyramid/fats.htm [Accessed on 20/02/2013]. âž ¢ World Health Organisation (2013) [Online] Available from: http://www.who.int/topics/nutrition/en/ [Accessed: 17/02/2013]. ONLINE JOURNALS âž ¢ Kumar et all (2012) Dietary roles of non-starch polysaccharides in human nutrition: a review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, Volume 52(10). [Online] Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10408398.2010.512671?url_ver=Z39.88-2003rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.orgrfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed. [Accessed on 23/02/2013]. âž ¢ Schenker S. (2012). UK recommendations for dietary fat: should they be reassessed in light of the recent FAO/WHO recommendations? Nutrition Bulletin, 37(1), pp. 37-46. [Online] Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-3010.2011.01946.x/full [Accessed on 20/02/2013]. BOOKS âž ¢ Firth L. (2011) Nutrition and diet. Issues 205, Cambridge: Independence Educational Press. âž ¢ Higdon, J. and Drake, V. J. (2011) An evidenced-based approach to vitamins and minerals: health benefits and intake recommendation. 2nd Edition. New York: Thieme. âž ¢ Kuil W. A D. (2012) Sources of dietary protein and risk of hypertension in a general Dutch population, British Journal of Nutrition, 108 (10), pp. 1897-1903. âž ¢ Martini F. H. (2006) Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology. 7th Edition. San Francisco: Pearson Education. pp. 39-58. âž ¢ Whitney, E. and Rolfes S. R. (2011) Understanding nutrition. 12th Edition. Belmont: Wadsworth. BIBLIOGRAPHY ONLINE âž ¢ British Dietetic Association (2013) Food fact sheet: sugar [Online] Available from: http://www.bda.uk.com/foodfacts/Sugar.pdf [Accessed on 20/02/02013] âž ¢ Georgetown University (2012) Proteins: what does it do? [Online] Available from: http://www.georgetown.edu/admin/auxiliarysrv/dining/nutrition/protein.html [Accessed on 20/02/2013]. âž ¢ Stoner, L et al (2012) Preventing a Cardiovascular Disease Epidemic among Indigenous Populations through Lifestyle Changes. [Online] Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3354392/ [Accessed on 20/02/2013]. BOOKS âž ¢ Blomhoff R, et al. Health benefits of nuts: potential role of antioxidants. British Journal of Nutrition. 2006; 96. âž ¢ New Zealand. Ministry of Health (2003), Food and nutrition guideline for healthy adults: a background paper, Wellington: Ministry of Health. âž ¢ Rolfes, S. R. et al (2009) Understanding normal and clinical nutrition. 8th Edition. Belmont: Wadsworth. ONLINE VIDEOS âž ¢ Dairy: essential nutrition or health saboteur? – Keon, J. (2011) [Online video]. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cp9MwjW5QX0 [Accessed on 20/02/2013]. âž ¢ Good nutrition made easy: how to grow a healthy adult Davidson, L. (2012) [Online video]. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6qAeAzreESg [Accessed on 20/02/2013].

Eye Nutrition for Optimal Vision and Performance

Eye Nutrition for Optimal Vision and Performance Many athletes put emphasis on training, fueling, and rest, but many do not focus on the importance of good eyesight. Optometrists estimate up to 80 percent of the information we accumulate during a sporting competition comes from our eyes and 95% of all physical movement is controlled visually and triggers the first movement of the athlete. (1,2,3) Even eye sight that is slightly blurred can reduce performance. (4) EYE ANATOMY The major components of the eye that affect performance and overall vision are the macula, retina and the lens. Macula is an oval-shaped highly pigmented yellow spot near the center of the retina of the eye[t1]. It is responsible for central, high resolution/acuity vision. The macula is yellow in color and it absorbs excess blue and ultraviolet light that enter the eye, and acts as a natural sun block for the retina. [t2] Retina is the layer at the back of the eyeball containing cells that is are sensitive to light and where a visual image is formed.[t3][t4] Lens covers the front of the eye and its role (along with the cornea) is to focus light on the retina NUTRITION What types of foods you put in your body not only impacts performance but impacts your eyes. A large-scale research project conducted by the National Eye Institute found there are several nutrients that help protect our eyes. The most important ones are beta carotene, vitamin C, Vit D, Vit E, lutein, zeaxanthin, zinc and omega 3 fats (5). Beta Carotene (Precursor to Vit A) is an antioxidant.—Helps produce pigment in the retina of the eye and promotes good vision especially in low light (night vision). Sources include apricots, broccoli, cantaloupe, carrots, dark green leafy vegetables, pink grapefruit, pumpkin, spinach, sweet potatoes. Vit C— is a water soluble essential nutrient and an important antioxidant. The eyes need relatively high levels of high Vit C to function properly. One of its main roles is to support small blood vessels to and around the eyes. The lens of the eye is also highly concentrated with the nutrient(5). Sources include Brussels sprouts, bell peppers, broccoli, berries and citrus fruit. Vit D (D3 cholecalciferol)—Has been shown to positivity impact vision and reduce retinal inflammation (6,). Food sources include cod liver oil, Atlantic pickled herring, salmon, mackerel , sardine and tuna packed in oil, fortified cereals/dairy/soy/tofu products, eggs and mushrooms. Vit E (d-alpha tocopherol)— is one of our body’s most powerful fat soluble antioxidants. Higher intake of vitamin E can increase the level in the retina. Vitamin E is also found in the lens. It protects cells of the eyes from damage and provides ocular protection (5). Sources include wheat germ, almonds, sunflower seeds, hazelnuts, peanuts, peanut butter and sweet potatoes. Lutein and Zeaxanthin—these powerful carotenoids are naturally present in the macula. They are part of the retina responsible for central vision. These vital nutrients work to filter 40-90% of the harmful blue light, the kind of light that can damage the macula. These nutrients act like sunscreen for your eyes. They can increase the pigment density in the macula. The greater the pigment density means better retina protection and a lower risk of macular degeneration (5). These antioxidants cannot be produced by our bodies on their own, so they must be obtained through diet and/or supplements. Sources include egg yolk, broccoli, corn, green leafy vegetables (kale, collards, spinach, turnip greens) and peas. Zinc (Zinc Oxide)—is an essential mineral. It helps get vitamin A from the liver to the retina for eye-protective melanin production. Proper amounts of zinc help with ocular protection, night vision and cataract prevention. Sources includes fortified cereals, legumes of all kinds (black eyed peas, kidney beans, lima beans) lean red meat, poultry, seafood and pumpkin seeds. Omega 3 Fatty Acids (Fish Oil) two types docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA.) They are major components of nervous and retinal tissues and are highly concentrated in the ocular tissues. They help promote healthy tear production necessary for healthy and comfortable eyes, protect tiny vessels within the eyes and low levels of these fatty acids can be linked to dry eye syndrome (7,8,9). Sources include salmon, tuna, sardines and anchovies. Eye Health and Performance The thicker and denser the macular pigment the more your eyes are protected. This thickness also reduces glare and light sensitivity along with improving photo stress recovery, contrast sensitivity, and processing speed (10). Since the eyes and brain are connected, a millisecond difference in seeing the ball for example is a difference between a strike and a home run. A 95-mile-per-hour fastball takes less than half a second to get to the plate. A player must decide to swing in approximately 0.458 seconds. That means the hitter must see the ball and decide whether to swing or not. Eye Health for Macular Degeneration and Cataracts Approximately 10% of people between 66 to 74 years of age will have findings of macular degeneration. The prevalence increases to 30% when they are between 75 to 85 years of age (11). Macular degeneration is when you have a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the macula) because of damage to the retina. It is a major cause of blindness and visual impairment in older adults. Cataracts are another common eye problem. By age 80, more than half of all Americans either have a cataract or have had cataract surgery. Cataracts are a medical condition in which the lens of the eye becomes progressively cloudy, resulting in blurred vision. SUMMARY Protecting your eyes and having optimal vision starts with the food on your plate. Maximizing the thickness of your macula pigment optimizes sports performance and decreases your chances of macular degeneration and cataracts. Aim for a diet high in green, leafy vegetables such as spinach, kale, and collards, salmon, tuna, and other oily fish, eggs, nuts, beans, other non-meat protein sources, and oranges and other citrus fruits or juices. References Arie B. Sports Vision: How enhancing your vision can give you that extra edge in competition. Peak Performance 2003;188:6-8. Werner W. Contact lens fitting for sports. Contactologia 2000;22:92-4. Spinell MR. Contact lenses for athletes. Optom Clin 1993;3:57-76. Griffiths G.; Eye dominance in sport. Optometry Times:2003 43(16):34-40. SanGiovanni JP, Chew EY, Clemons TE, et al; for Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. The relationship of dietary carotenoid and vitamin A,E, and C intake with age-related macular degeneration in a case-control study: AREDS Report No. 22. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125(9): 1225-1232 Bottom of Form 6. Lee.V, Rekhi.E, Hoh Kam.J, Jeffery.G. Vit D refuvenates ageing eyes by reducing inflammation, clearing amyloid beta and improving visual function. Neurobiolaging 2011; 33(10): 2382-2389. Bonnielin. S, West.S Caulfield. L, Bressler.S, ,The Impact of Fish and Shellfish Consumption on Age Related Macular Degeneration. Opthalmology 117 (12): 2395-2401, December 2010 8. Sangiovanni JP, Agrà ³n E, Meleth AD, Reed GF, Sperduto RD, Clemons TE, Chew EY. {omega}-3 Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and 12-y incidence of neovascular age-related macular degeneration and central geographic atrophy: AREDS report 30, a prospective cohort study from the Age-Related Eye Disease Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2009 Dec;90(6):1601-7. Chua B, Flood V, Rochtchina E, Wang JJ, Smith W, Mitchell P. Dietary fatty acids and the 5-year incident of age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006; 124(7): 981-98 Wooten BR, Hammond BR. Macular pigment: influences on visual acuity and visibility. Prog Retin Eye Res 2002 Mar;21(2): 225-40. AgingEye Times (2009-05-19). Macular Degeneration types and risk factors. Agingeye.net. Retrieved 2011-01-11 [t1]Plagiarized from Wikipedia [t2]Plagiarized from http://www.flashcardmachine.com/504-eyes.html [t3]Plagiarized from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/retina [t4]These should be taken from an article or textbook and properly cited.

Chicago :: essays research papers

Chicago has been the fastest growing city of the world. â€Å"The city of the Century† is the name given to this historic city. It is a great city of the greatest people who devoted almost their whole life to this city. Jane Addams, Florence Kelley, Clarence Darrow, Mary McDowell, Thorstein Veblen, Albert Parsons, Ida B. Wells, George Pullman, Louis Sullivan and Danker Adler are few of the people among them. No large city even Peter the Great’s St. Petersburg had ever grown as fast as Chicago.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Right from the beginning, the city was envisioned. In 1830, empty prairie defined the grid of the future metropolis. The streets, the blocks and the Allys were designated. Its growth was phenomenal. In just forty years, Chicago grew from 100 people to the city of 300,000 thousand. Over half of them came from abroad. On October 8, 1871, the fire viped out the city. 18,000 building were burnt. Economic potential of the city was still there. The citizens were determined to rebuild. Architects and Engineers came from around the world and started building just what it was like before. In 10 years after the fire, Architects had begun to make buildings that were unprecedented. The city was now buying, consuming, trading, manufacturing and selling more then ever before. 350 trains a day were coming to Chicago to do business. The downtown was locked by the boundaries of water and a railroad. Chicago was the second largest city of the nation. People from all parts of the wo rld were attracted to Chicago because that was the place where they saw lots of business opportunities. That was the place where they thought they could start their new career. Even today, 70% of the people are originally from other countries.

F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

The corruption of the American Dream The Great Gatsby takes place during the 1920's and it is a time when the old values and the new are in a battle with one another. The Great Gatsby has characters who believe in the American dream and those who are corrupting the dream in prosuit of wealth and personal gain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The character, Nick is the perfect example of those with the faith in the existence of the dream. He is part of the group who believes in the old values and the belief that ones own hard work will at the end deliver rewards. He comes east to experience the new and exciting world of New York, yet he does not seem to belong to this part of the world. He although comes form a wealthy family chooses to make his own fortune He ' All my aunts and uncles talked it over as if they were choosing a prep-school for me and finally said 'Why—ye-es'; with very grave, hesitant faces.';(P.7) One the other hands though, Jay Gatsby is the dream killer who is involved with men like Meyer Wolfsheim. Wolfsheim was the man responsible for fixing the 1919 World Series. Gatsby has committed crimes in order to win love of Daisy. It is strange that Nick a man who despises men like Gatsby at the same time admires him. '…It is what prayed on Gatsby, what foul dust floated in the wake of his dreams that temporarily closed out my interest in the abortive sorrows and short-winded elations of men.'; (P.6-7) Daisy and Jordan are also characters who contribute in the corruption of the dream. Jordan is the dishonest golfer and opportunist who will do whatever it takes to be successful. F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers The corruption of the American Dream The Great Gatsby takes place during the 1920's and it is a time when the old values and the new are in a battle with one another. The Great Gatsby has characters who believe in the American dream and those who are corrupting the dream in prosuit of wealth and personal gain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The character, Nick is the perfect example of those with the faith in the existence of the dream. He is part of the group who believes in the old values and the belief that ones own hard work will at the end deliver rewards. He comes east to experience the new and exciting world of New York, yet he does not seem to belong to this part of the world. He although comes form a wealthy family chooses to make his own fortune He ' All my aunts and uncles talked it over as if they were choosing a prep-school for me and finally said 'Why—ye-es'; with very grave, hesitant faces.';(P.7) One the other hands though, Jay Gatsby is the dream killer who is involved with men like Meyer Wolfsheim. Wolfsheim was the man responsible for fixing the 1919 World Series. Gatsby has committed crimes in order to win love of Daisy. It is strange that Nick a man who despises men like Gatsby at the same time admires him. '…It is what prayed on Gatsby, what foul dust floated in the wake of his dreams that temporarily closed out my interest in the abortive sorrows and short-winded elations of men.'; (P.6-7) Daisy and Jordan are also characters who contribute in the corruption of the dream. Jordan is the dishonest golfer and opportunist who will do whatever it takes to be successful.

Factual reporting, interpretation and distortion Essay

How are distinctions made between factual reporting, interpretation and distortion? This essay is going to tell the differences between factual reporting, interpretation and distortion. Factual reporting means that an answer or a statement is based on facts that are true and proven. Interpretation is an individual’s opinion and appreciation about a subject. It is not based on facts but just on opinions and theories. Distortion is a way of delivering wrong information, twisted and wrongly explained information. It is based on facts but kind of turns them around. Factual reporting is the way of delivering an opinion/theory based on true facts. An example of this is an article I read in Metro today, which was about conspiracies. The one that caught my eye was one that stated that an airplane never crashed into the Pentagon. This theory was based on facts, which I never had heard of. For example, the surveillance camera of the Pentagon didn’t show an airplane but only a white line in the sky. Another thing was that the hole in the Pentagon was way too small to have been creased by an airplane. The write stated that the US Air force shot down flight 77, and to cover this up they blew up a part of the building without the workers knowing anything about it. Also no big wreck parts from the plane were found. This is a factual reporting as it’s based on true facts and it not created by opinions or own thoughts as in an interpretation. Also the moon landing is believed to be a fake. There are many facts that point against it. In a video ‘from the moon’ the flag that Neil Armstrong put up was waving in the wind. And there’s not supposed to be any wind on the moon. Also the shadows go in different directions and the shadow of the space shuttle should fall on Armstrong, a good example of factual reporting. A theory based on facts. Interpretation is a theory based an individual’s own opinion. A great example of this is racists. The Nazis believe that black or people with darker skin than westerners are worth less. This is a great example as this theory of theirs is based on their own opinions and have no actual facts to base it on. There is no proof that colored people are worth less than white people. This is why it’s an interpretation. No facts or proof are involved in the theory. Another example of interpretation is Bin Ladin. The US government doesn’t know that he’s alive. The videos that they got from him are old now and he could be dead already. The US government think that he is alive because of the videos, but they have been bombing caves, cities and other places in hope of killing him, so he could be dead. This is interpretation as they base it on what they believe. There is no proof that he’s alive. Distortion is when facts are wrong, twisted or inaccurate. Another definition is when two people disagree with one another. An example is if I say to Andreas, we have homework for tomorrow and he says we don’t. This is distortion in a way. Another example is all kinds of magazines and television shows as they tent not to show all of their footage information. They cut what they don’t want people to hear, which helps them things look negative and positive. This is a typical example of distortion as it twists the truth or the reality. Often when you experience something and they write about it the next day in a newspaper, it’s never the same. You always say to yourself, â€Å"That’s not exactly what happened.† Sometimes the media exaggerate to find a big audience. They do what I like to call, ‘Stretch reality.’ It’s a clear case of distortion because they twist the truth or give an inaccurate point of view. As a conclusion or to answer the question I would like to say that the difference or the distinctions between factual reporting, interpretation and distortion is the amount of facts they are based on. Factual reporting is based on only facts to make a clear image of a theory, event or opinion. Interpretation is based on opinions but no facts. Only the people who made the theory, it’s only based on things that are going on inside those people’s heads. Distortion is based on facts but mostly told the opposite way or twisted to change the way people think of it. It often tries to make the facts inaccurate.

Indianapolis: Activity-Based Costing Essay

1- Yes, government should perform a cost analysis before privatization, especially if the government will remain as a participant in the bidding process. The cost analysis will provide the government with cost information for accurately pricing the bid. In case the government is not going to be a participant in the bidding process, the cost estimate will provide the government with an estimate on how much to pay for a service. For example, if the government wants to engage in a firm fixed price contract, a cost analysis will provide an accurate estimate of the cost and government can adjust the estimate for labor contractor rates and profit to price the contract. 2- For pothole filling activity direct labor and materials are relatively easy to trace directly, but it is more difficult to allocate indirect costs to the service. In order to apply ABC in Department of Transportation, reconciling with controller’s records, the team correctly identified in phases 1 and 2 all the basic activities. There were 35 activities, one of them being â€Å"pothole patching†. The labor hours and direct materials assigned for this activity were easy to be traced so the direct labor and materials were precisely determined in the â€Å"Pothole Filling Cost† table. A few comments about the overhead costs: The model allocated costs for fixed assets and unused equipment, which is one of the strengths. The model also adjusted the current year capital purchases and added back the depreciation (the consumed portion of the purchase price). We think that was an appropriate decision in order to have a true cost for this activity. The city already had an accounting system to trace the depreciation, and that was an advantage. It is debatable the decision not to include the headquarters expenses. In fact those costs may vary up or down depending on who does the pothole filling – municipal workers or private contractors. Decision was that these expense to â€Å"remain in the city† but they don’t necessarily have to. A true  cost for the service would be to allocate them in the overhead costs. It is a bit unclear if the overhead costs captured in the â€Å"Pothole Filling Cost† table are strictly associated with pothole filling activity. We know that the team identified the indirect and support costs associated with the 35 primary activities. It is difficult however to allocate those costs to pothole filling activity only. For example how much would be Facility Expense slice for this service? We should assume that a reliable allocation method was utilized, since the other 34 activities should also have overhead costs traced for other potential bids. Regarding overhead costs allocation by region, a brief calculation reveals that some sort of allocation was utilized for costs, however it is not clear on what basis. Four fixed costs out of seven do follow the same allocation pattern, however that allocation does not follow the â€Å"tons filled† ratio. We should also notice that the model analyzed the cost occurred during winter months, in order to prepare a bid for spring. If pothole filling is a season specific activity, the actual costs could be slightly different and the bid should be adjusted accordingly. Maybe a better idea was to apply the ABC model considering actual costs incurred during the previous spring. 3- Yes, letting the municipal employees see the ABC estimates and giving them the opportunity to reduce their costs was a good practice as it provided several benefits. Due to several past factors, the city’s departments had been operating on a less than optimal level and had high overhead costs. For example the supervisor to worker ratio was too high, and the department of transportation carried excessive capital assets (vehicles). Sharing the ABC estimates and giving the opportunity to reduce costs allowed them to improve efficiency. The municipality was able to pinpoint the problem issues and fix them, such as half the supervisors were dismissed. This would allow the city to be competitive with the private sector in the bidding process. ABC estimate sharing provided an additional benefit as a buy-in from the  employees and the union. As the employees and the ABC estimators worked together to generate the estimates, they realized the data was showing the problems that they did not anticipate such has the high supervisor ratio. They recognized that ABC will be very essential for them to lower their costs and become competitive. The employees needed to be competitive with the private sector to keep their jobs. 4- We will assume that the â€Å"Indirect Cost Pool† includes supervisor’s expenses (which should be reduced by 50%) and overhead costs. In this case the bids for Northwest and Northeast quadrants are calculated in Exhibit B. Comparing with the actual pothole filing costs per ton in January-March, we could clearly see a dramatic decrease of indirect costs and rolling stock costs. Overall the bid for both quadrants is by far more competitive than it would have been without the ABC analysis and cost reduction. 5- If the administration continues to outsource city services through competitive bidding and assuming the private sector is able to aggressively under bid the city, the administration will have to dismiss the idle workforce, selloff unused fixed assets and update the ABC estimates accordingly. As the number of outsourced contracts grows in count and size, the administration will also need to enhance its contracting and performance management capabilities.

Getting Knowledge from Reading Essay

Reading is the best way to learn different kinds of things. Such as reading recipe books for making delicious dishes, or learning different kinds of language, or cultures. We are starting learning our children at the age of 1 or less. We always start from alphabets. So that, they can makes their habit to read books. I think which is really good for them. But nowadays mostly people don’t like to read books; they think that it’s very difficult to understand. Teenagers go to the library for fun, but they never read the books moreover, they think books are boring to read. However, for some people books are their life; wherever they go whether in the bus or somewhere else they start reading books, no matter what other people is going to think. Like in this book for these two authors reading is their life. They really think that books are gifts for them are Ricky Moody, who wrote, â€Å"The joy and enthusiasm of reading†, and â€Å"Alberto Manguel, who wrote, â€Å"Reading ourselves and the world around us†. Reading is become a passion for both of them. Moody talks about believes in the books and on the other hand MAnguel talks about the outside world. It gives the opportunity to think about differently and come up their conclusion. For Moody, reading is his believe he also mentioned when he first started his article that he believe in choosing difficult kinds of books so that he can come up with his own ideas. Moody also mentioned in his article that reading was not an option, â€Å"Mr.  Buxton, who probably had better things to do, nonetheless agreed to meet one night to go over the text line by line. â€Å"The first thing he did was point out the repetition of motifs. † (3) Moody did not give up for that he picks up the other book that intrigued him. Moody main motive is to teach other people that reading your own and come up with your conclusion that can give you freedom to think something bigger. You don’t need anybody to help you can explain you line by line. People should pick difficult books so that they can learn something new and challenge themselves. Furthermore, for Manguel, reading also teaches us to learn from your surroundings. In his article, Manguel states that, â€Å"The astronomer reading a map of stars that no longer exist; the Japanese architect reading the land on which a house is to be built so as to guard it from evil foces; the zoologist reading the spoor of animals in the forest†(6). Manguel means that sometime you don’t need the specific books to gain knowledge. However, sometime you can read the other person face. He also said that only mother can understand her child language when her child is hungry. Reading can gives an individual so much; books give a lot of knowledge and become us smarter, because some time we are too busy with our other works that we forget that books help us to think broader. But in these articles, for both author reading is their life and passion for them. They can come up with their conclusion; they are taking interest, sharing their view, and showing their passion so that other people can learn from them.

Advertisement: Cosmopolitan Magazine

In this Cosmopolitan magazine ad for Tacori jewelry, there is a silver honey comb stick with rich, golden brown honey on the end of it. The honey looks like it is about to drip off of the stick, making the honey look very indulgent. On the handle of the honey stirrer are three engagement rings. The bottom one is a wedding band with diamonds around the whole band. The middle ring and the top ring are the same ring just with different views. The middle ring is the top view and the top ring is the side view.The ring has one big rounded square diamond in the middle and little diamonds around it and on the band four more diamonds on each side. From the ad, the marketing idea is that these rings are a treat, sort of like and indulgent to go along with the sweet honey. In this ad, the honey wand is silver, unlike normal ones that are usually wooden or plastic. Color is a very important detail when creating an ad, and in this ad, the colors chosen were the not bright or vibrant colors, they were simple yet elegant.The background is all white, which allows all of the attention to be drawn to the delectable golden honey on the wand and to the sparkling silver of the rings. The word TACORI is located at the top left hand corner of the ad. It is a thin, black font and does not take up a lot of room, it is just enough to let the reader know what the brand is. I think that the reason why there are not many colors and the name of the company is not a huge bold font is because the main focus is the rings themselves. The honey wand is rather large and the rings are zoomed in on so that the crystal clear diamonds shimmer on the magazine paper.The bright yellow, deep orange and brown from the honey add the only splash of color for this ad. I think the colors of the honey though are used to create a rich feeling to the ad, after all, these rings are the best and money the best is what money can buy. The angle of vision for this ad is very important because in order to sell a produ ct such as these diamond rings, the viewer needs to see all of the aspects of the rings. This ad did a very good job at showing the rings in different angles. The ring at the bottom of the honey wand is the wedding band.In the ad, the ring is positioned so that the diamonds that go around the entire ring can be seen but also the inside of the ring is shown because the word TACORI is stamped on the inside. This is a very good marketing strategy because the rings look more desirable knowing they are name brand. The middle ring is the engagement ring. It is positioned so that the reader is looking straight at the huge square setting of the ring. It shows the top, which is what a person sees if they are wearing the ring. This makes it easier for a person to imagine what it would be like to wear the ring.And the top ring shows the side of the ring, and the small but beautiful details of the smaller diamonds surrounding the sides of the ring. This gives a person the full view of the rings at every angle. There are no characters in this ad nor are there any catchy phrases or sayings. The ad is very clear and shows everything the business needs for a person to want what is being advertised. I don’t think that characters were used in the ad because it would take away from the ring. If a woman sees a gorgeous model wearing a ring, they are not going to put all of their focus on the ring; they are going to look at the surrounding objects.With this ad, there are no distracting people, just sweet honey to make the rings look like a tempting dessert. I think the impression that the ad gives is that these rings are a treat. We as Americans love to be treated well and have things that are valued in our society. A woman for instance loves to be lavished with clothes and shoes and fine jewelry. And this ad is the perfect example of how the honey represents a sweet â€Å"treat† and the rings should go along with it. The rings are a treat for a woman, and she should indulge herself in it. What kind of woman wouldn’t want these rings on her finger?

Characterizing Mrs. Bennet

As far as the Mrs. being a gossip, it is clear that Mr. Bennet has heard his fair share of it from her. When asked if he wants to know who is moving into Netherfield he replies that he knows that she wants to tell him, but that he does not particularly â€Å"want† to hear it. We also see that Mr. Bennet knows his wife is somewhat of a drama queen and he is constantly poking fun at her with his sarcasm, which she never seems to understand as such. Yet another example of Mr. Bennet’s experience with his wife’s personality is his seemingly un-caring behavior towards his daughters getting married. Mrs. Bennet is convinced that Mr. Bingley could be her new son-in-law, Mr. Bennet points out that Bingley is not necessarily there to find a wife. Through all these ways we can see a bit of Mrs. Bennet’s personality through the words of another character in the book. We can get even more information through words not necessarily spoken in the book, but spoken to us through the voice of the narrator. Even the simplest of comments can show a huge personality trait. The simplest way the narrator shows us that Mrs. Bennet loves to gossip and talk is when Mr. Bennet says he has no objection to hearing her story, the narrator points out that â€Å"That was invitation enough,† showing us that Mrs. Bennet is very eager to get her information out. Although we can gather much of Mrs. Bennet’s character through the entirety of the page, the narrator makes sure we have gathered what we need to about her by giving us a summary at the very end of the page. The narrator tells us that â€Å"She was a woman of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper. When she was discontented she fancied herself nervous. The business of her life was to get her daughters married; its solace was visiting and news. † So, once again we gather that she loves â€Å"visiting and news,† or gossip, and that the business of her life is to get her daughters married. Mrs. Bennet is not hard to figure out with Jane Austen’s excellent characterization techniques. With her great narration techniques we have the author there to tell us much of what we need to know. Even better is that much of the time we don’t even need the narrators help, through the speech in the book; whether it be Mrs. Bennet herself, or somebody speaking to her or about her. Through either the character itself, the characters around it, or the author herself, Jane Austen manages to use all three â€Å"characters† excellently to show us the personality of Mrs. Bennet, as well as the rest of her characters. Characterizing Mrs. Bennet As far as the Mrs. being a gossip, it is clear that Mr. Bennet has heard his fair share of it from her. When asked if he wants to know who is moving into Netherfield he replies that he knows that she wants to tell him, but that he does not particularly â€Å"want† to hear it. We also see that Mr. Bennet knows his wife is somewhat of a drama queen and he is constantly poking fun at her with his sarcasm, which she never seems to understand as such. Yet another example of Mr. Bennet’s experience with his wife’s personality is his seemingly un-caring behavior towards his daughters getting married. Mrs. Bennet is convinced that Mr. Bingley could be her new son-in-law, Mr. Bennet points out that Bingley is not necessarily there to find a wife. Through all these ways we can see a bit of Mrs. Bennet’s personality through the words of another character in the book. We can get even more information through words not necessarily spoken in the book, but spoken to us through the voice of the narrator. Even the simplest of comments can show a huge personality trait. The simplest way the narrator shows us that Mrs. Bennet loves to gossip and talk is when Mr. Bennet says he has no objection to hearing her story, the narrator points out that â€Å"That was invitation enough,† showing us that Mrs. Bennet is very eager to get her information out. Although we can gather much of Mrs. Bennet’s character through the entirety of the page, the narrator makes sure we have gathered what we need to about her by giving us a summary at the very end of the page. The narrator tells us that â€Å"She was a woman of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper. When she was discontented she fancied herself nervous. The business of her life was to get her daughters married; its solace was visiting and news. † So, once again we gather that she loves â€Å"visiting and news,† or gossip, and that the business of her life is to get her daughters married. Mrs. Bennet is not hard to figure out with Jane Austen’s excellent characterization techniques. With her great narration techniques we have the author there to tell us much of what we need to know. Even better is that much of the time we don’t even need the narrators help, through the speech in the book; whether it be Mrs. Bennet herself, or somebody speaking to her or about her. Through either the character itself, the characters around it, or the author herself, Jane Austen manages to use all three â€Å"characters† excellently to show us the personality of Mrs. Bennet, as well as the rest of her characters.

Marketing Communication Strategies of UK Supermarkets Case Study

Marketing Communication Strategies of UK Supermarkets - Case Study Example Essentially, the value of the customer must be prudently considered. Convenience substitutes place and cost (which includes time and energy) replaces price. Thus, communication replaces promotion (Ashcroft 2002, p.178). Knowing its external audience is a huge necessity for any organisation and to achieve this task, a firm must embark on an effective market research. So as to attain excellent communication, it is imperative to be conscious on which communications media the audience will respond to -- whether they read newspapers, magazines, leaflets, listen to the radio or watch television (what type or what programmes they specifically watch). In the case of supermarkets, for instance, they obtain information about their customers via loyalty card ideas, magazines and their websites. From the information gained, they target particular groups of shoppers. The process employed in the current study includes Primary Research and Secondary research. Primary research entailed the use of questionnaire survey and personal interviews. Meanwhile, with Secondary research, it included the Mintel database as well as newspapers, books, company information and internet search. Many of the information gathered are backed up by visuals like illustrations, charts and graphical representations. Likewise, in order to complete the brief report, the study also included watching television and taking notes from these commercials, getting inside the supermarkets themselves, watch how people react to the advertisements fed to them, talking with marketing agents and supermarket sales staff. Similarly, product reviews have also been read, consumer comments and blogs have been randomly considered so as to get insights and an overview of the whole chain and the entire supermarket-retailing system. Market Overview Today, supermarkets control food sales in developed countries and are swiftly escalating their international presence. At the same time, global mergers and acquisitions and cutthroat pricing schemes have focused market power in the hands of a few major retailers (see Appendix 1 for company growth) (Raworth 2004, p. 6). The late 1990s witnessed a spell of merger and acquisition activities as the supermarket segment speedily merged and strengthened to counter the 'Wal-Mart' intimidation. Currently, the UK food retailing industry is governed and strongly dictated by four key supermarkets (Tesco, Asda, Sainsburys and Morrisons) who together account for over two-thirds of retail food sales (Fearney, Duffy and Hornibrook 2004, p. 2) and such consolidation of retailers has reinforced their control over suppliers. Today, the UK supermarket segment is still ruled by Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury's and Morrisons; these are the only chains that operate full-scale superstores of 40,000 square feet (3,700m) and sometimes go beyond. These so-called "Big 4" had a combined share of 75.3% of UK's grocery market realm (TNS Report, 2008). As it is, sector analysts foresee that it is not improbable

Remembering about Fort Lauderdale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Remembering about Fort Lauderdale - Essay Example Soon we are at the Fort Lauderdale airport. We check in at a hotel and because is the only noon our restless spirits cannot come to peace with the quietness of the surroundings with go out in the town and start shopping. I am not good at bargaining and the concept of savings has never touched me. I am single and have no responsibility, why save? I am shopping with my friend, buying expensive jewelries, shoes, clothes, souvenirs, for myself. After weariness of shopping we are having an amazing dinner at some Latino restaurant, listening to the music of live guitar player is giving me Goosebumps. It is like this that we spend the first night.My other friends are arriving today and we are picking them from the airport. On the way to the hotel they dare me to race a car in which a couple of boys are rashly driving. We are so thrill-seeking and adventurous. I am about to over take them when the truck coming from the opposite lane suddenly comes into the view and I am forced to swerve at t he last moment. The swerve caused the car to drive over something on the road bursting the tire. Stopping on the side we called for assistance with the rental company sending us a new car. Recovering from the shock we all start laughing! Imagine how careless and irresponsible we are.On the third night we are at Miami, we are having the time of our lives here. We are celebrating Smeja's thirtieth birthday, in the famous Mango bar. We have spent more bucks at the shopping, and ultimately are running out of money by the end of the trip.... We are celebrating Sneja's thirtieth birthday, in the famous Mango bar. We have spent more bucks at the shopping, and ultimately are running out of money by the end of the trip. The beach parties are fabulous and the city on the whole is amazing. I was on a summer break from my work and study at that time. I wanted to become a famous fashion designer like Donna Karen. I was very ambitious. But today when I am thirty four, and I look myself in the mirror wearing a long skirt, with a belt and a soft elegant black shirt with a sports coat on holding my sixteen month old son ready to go in children's museum; I see a very different me from what I aspired to be back then. I run a household and a family, in my free time I am doing small crafts with knitting and sewing which I try to sale on a craft shows. Each one of my projects carries a message of blessing for the person who buys it. I am settled, more serious and more determined to do some good into this world by making small differences. My family and designs are my life now. I get spiritual satisfaction by doing it in this stage of my life, running after the worldly materialism is not everything. I am performing my duties as a mother to the best of my abilities, and looking after my home and husband as a wife should. I hope I am successful with the project at hand. Sources: About Fort Lauderdale. City of Fort Lauderdale. Retrieved on 2007-10-28. Website:

Effect of Exercise on Blood Pressure and Pulse Rate Essay

Effect of Exercise on Blood Pressure and Pulse Rate - Essay Example To find out more about the effects of exercise on pulse rate and blood pressure, an experiment was conducted. It was done by using two participants. Despite having the same age and gender, Person 1 is a 24-year old male who is 57 tall and 140 pounds. On the other hand, Person 2 is a 24-year old male who is 510 tall and 195 pounds. To effectively study them, they were engaged in a mild exercise (10-minute walk) and vigorous exercise (10-minute jumping). By using appropriate materials, the pulse rate and blood pressure were measured before, during and after the experiment. The differences in the results were used to determine the effects of exercise on pulse rate and blood pressure. While conducting this experiment, many materials were used. These included a stopwatch and digital pulse cuff and blood pressure which were of course used for recording the results to determine the changes in the blood pressure and pulse rate realized so far. The stopwatch was used for measuring time. From the analysis of the results, it was established that the exercise had resulted into an increase in blood pressure as well as pulse rate. The more vigorous the exercise was, the more the change in pulse rate. Because of these changes, it took some time for everything to turn back to normal after the end of the experiment. From these findings, it is clear that physical exercise has a direct on the pulse rate of a human being. It is for this reason that the aforementioned changes were experienced when the experiment was carried out. However, as found out from the recordings, the degree of change in pulse rate directly depends on the intensity of the exercise that is conducted (Wohlfahrt and Farazdaghi 168). For instance, when the participants engaged in walking exercises, there was a slight change in their pulse rates. However, this was not the same when the participants got involved in more vigorous exercises such as jumping on a rope.